Hydroxyl radical, ⚫OH, is the principal oxidizing agent in the troposphere, responsible for converting tropospheric hydrocarbons into aldehydes, and eventually carbon dioxide. The plot at below shows tropospheric ⚫OH concentration (molecules/m³, black line) from a suburban area near the Yangtze River delta in China.² OH / 10°cm³ 14 129 12 10 8 6 4 20 ייייייייייייייייייזיין 00 ☑ 06 12 18 Hour of Day

The Mount Pinatubo volcano eruption in 1991 released an estimated 1.82 x 1013g of SO2 into the atmosphere. If the gas had an average temperature of -17.0 C and filled the troposphere, whose approximate volume is 8 x 1021L, what is the approximate partial pressure of SO2 caused by the eruption?

perform stoichiometric ca1cu1uions for reactions involving gases as reactants or products.

Name a favorable effect of the global increase of CO2 in the atmosphere.

1) 2 C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g) → 16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O(g)  Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced when 1.0805 g of octane, C8H18(l), combusts at STP. The molar mass of C8H18 is 114.26 g/mol. Express your answer with the appropriate significant figures and unit. a) 1.69 L CO2(g) b) 1.695 L CO2(g) c) 18,900 L CO2(g) d) 3.33 g CO2(g) e) 3.33 L CO2(g)

One of the oldest units for atmospheric pressure is Ib in.2 (pounds per square inch, or psi). Calculate the numerical value of the standard atmosphere in these units to three significant figures. Calculate the mass in pounds of a uniform column of water 69.4 ft high having an area of 1.00 in² at its base. (Use the following data: density of mercury = 13.6 g mL-1; density of water = 1.00 g mL-1: 1 mL = 1 cm3; I lb = 454 g; 1 in. = 2.54 cm.) mass of the water column = i Ib/in?

The world burns approximately 3.7 * 1012 kg of fossil fuel per year. Use the combustion of octane as the representative reaction and determine the mass of carbon dioxide (the most significant greenhouse gas) formed per year. The current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is approximately 399 ppm (by volume). By what percentage does the concentration increase each year due to fossil fuel combustion? Approximate the average properties of the entire atmosphere by assuming that the atmosphere extends from sea level to 15 km and that it has an average pressure of 381 torr and average temperature of 275 K. Assume Earth is a perfect sphere with a radius of 6371 km.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the formation of the ozone hole over Antarctica during the months of spring? The reaction of CFCS and sunlight releases molecules of ozone; in spring, UV rays cause the ozone molecules to release chlorine atoms, which then react to break apart ozone molecules. The reaction of CFCS and sunlight releases atoms of chlorine; in spring, UV rays cause the CFCS to break down and release chlorine atoms, which then react to break apart ozone molecules. The reaction of CFCS and sunlight releases atoms of chlorine; in spring, UV rays cause the CFCS to break down and release chlorine atoms, which then react to break apart ad- ditional CFC molecules. The reaction of CFCS and sunlight releases atoms of chlorine; in spring, UV rays cause the CFCS to combine, and these newly formed molecules react to break apart ozone molecules.

Freon-12 (CF2Cl2), widely used as a refrigerant and aerosol propellant, is a dangerous air pollutant. In the troposphere, it traps heat 25 times as effectively as CO2, and in the stratosphere, it participates in the breakdown of ozone. Freon-12 is prepared industrially by reaction of gaseous carbon tetrachloride with hydrogen fluoride. Hydrogen chloride gas also forms. How many grams of carbon tetrachloride are required for the production of 16.0 dm3 of Freon-12 at 27 oC and 1.20 atm?

(a) What is the difference between chlorofluorocarbonsand hydrofluorocarbons? (b) Why are hydrofluorocarbonspotentially less harmful to the ozone layer than CFCs?