Humerus bones from the same species of animal tend to have approximately the same length-to-width ratios. It is known that species A has a mean of 8.5. Suppose 43 fossils of humerus bones were unearthed at an archaeological site in East Africa, where species A is believed to have inhabited. The length-to-width ratios of the bones were measured from the samples collected and are summarized: average 9.25, standard deviation 1.16. To test the hypothesis that the population mean ratio of all bones of this particular species, is equal to 8.5 against the alternative that it is different from 8.5. To avoid Type I error, we choose the significance level alpha at 0.01. What is the z value of this particular test?"
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Humerus bones from the same species of animal tend to have approximately the same length-to-width ratios. It is known that species A has a
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