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How do the four hypotheses, described in your text, provide alternative explanations for the pattern of species richness and what evidence is there that supports each hypothesis?

How do the four hypotheses, described in your text, provide alternative explanations for the pattern of species richness and what evidence is there that supports each hypothesis?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Please answer question 4
### 52.1 Species Interactions The species in any community interact constantly. Organisms eat each other, exchange nutrients, compete for resources, and provide habitats for each other. In many cases, a population’s fate is tightly linked to the other species in the community. To study species interactions, biologists begin by analyzing the effects of one species on the fitness of another. Recall that the fitness of an individual is defined as its ability to produce viable, fertile offspring (Chapter 22). Does the relationship between two species provide a fitness benefit to members of one or both species (a “+” interaction), does it incur a fitness cost (a “–” interaction), or does the association have no effect on the fitness of a participant (a “0” interaction)? Let’s explore four of the most common types of interactions: 1. **Commensalism** occurs when one species benefits but the other species is unaffected (+/0). 2. **Competition** occurs when individuals use the same resources—resulting in lower fitness for both (–/–). 3. **Consumption** (including herbivory, predation, and parasitism) occurs when one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another. The interaction increases the consumer’s fitness but decreases the victim’s fitness (+/–). 4. **Mutualism** occurs when two species interact in a way that confers fitness benefits to both (+/+). As you analyze each type of interaction in the following discussion, watch for three key themes: 1. **Species interactions can affect the distribution and abundance of a particular species.** Species interactions can affect geographic ranges, such as the effect of disease-carrying tsetse flies on the distribution of cattle in Africa (Chapter 49). Species interactions can also have impacts on population size, such as the effects of lynx on hare populations in northern Canada (Chapter 51).
Transcribed Image Text:### 52.1 Species Interactions The species in any community interact constantly. Organisms eat each other, exchange nutrients, compete for resources, and provide habitats for each other. In many cases, a population’s fate is tightly linked to the other species in the community. To study species interactions, biologists begin by analyzing the effects of one species on the fitness of another. Recall that the fitness of an individual is defined as its ability to produce viable, fertile offspring (Chapter 22). Does the relationship between two species provide a fitness benefit to members of one or both species (a “+” interaction), does it incur a fitness cost (a “–” interaction), or does the association have no effect on the fitness of a participant (a “0” interaction)? Let’s explore four of the most common types of interactions: 1. **Commensalism** occurs when one species benefits but the other species is unaffected (+/0). 2. **Competition** occurs when individuals use the same resources—resulting in lower fitness for both (–/–). 3. **Consumption** (including herbivory, predation, and parasitism) occurs when one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another. The interaction increases the consumer’s fitness but decreases the victim’s fitness (+/–). 4. **Mutualism** occurs when two species interact in a way that confers fitness benefits to both (+/+). As you analyze each type of interaction in the following discussion, watch for three key themes: 1. **Species interactions can affect the distribution and abundance of a particular species.** Species interactions can affect geographic ranges, such as the effect of disease-carrying tsetse flies on the distribution of cattle in Africa (Chapter 49). Species interactions can also have impacts on population size, such as the effects of lynx on hare populations in northern Canada (Chapter 51).
### Question 4 How do the four hypotheses, described in your text, provide alternative explanations for the pattern of species richness and what evidence is there that supports each hypothesis? #### Navigation **Previous** | **Next**
Transcribed Image Text:### Question 4 How do the four hypotheses, described in your text, provide alternative explanations for the pattern of species richness and what evidence is there that supports each hypothesis? #### Navigation **Previous** | **Next**
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