How do the elements exhibit a range of band gaps?

College Physics
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ISBN:9781305952300
Author:Raymond A. Serway, Chris Vuille
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Chapter1: Units, Trigonometry. And Vectors
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How do the elements exhibit a range of band gaps?

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When we talk of semiconductors and insulators, electrons are observed to be restricted to a number of bands of energy and strictly forbidden from the remaining regions. Band gaps are the difference between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band for an element. Electrons in an element release or absorb energy when they move between this band. 

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