How do stones in the lower urinary tract present clinically?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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How do stones in the lower urinary tract present clinically?

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Stones (calculi) are hard masses that form in the urinary tract and can cause pain, bleeding, infection, and urinary obstruction. Adults in their middle and later years are more likely to develop kidney stones. Stones range in size from too small to see with the naked eye to one inch (2.5 cm) in diameter or more. The stone, which is referred to as a staghorn because of its multiple projections that resemble deer antlers, can cover practically the whole renal pelvis (the kidney's central collecting chamber) and the tubes that drain into it (calyces).

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