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How can analyze and draw comparion to  chapter 5 of environmental science and theology in dialogue to environmental toxin PFAS and its damage of childhood development

How can analyze and draw comparion to  chapter 5 of environmental science and theology in dialogue to environmental toxin PFAS and its damage of childhood development

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How can analyze and draw comparion to  chapter 5 of environmental science and theology in dialogue to environmental toxin PFAS and its damage of childhood development

Another chemical group, known as phthalates, are plastic softening agents generally found in soft toys and flexible bottles, like the ones seen with young families at the sidelines of soccer games. Mothers with higher phthalate concentrations in their breast milk had male infants with altered early sex hormone levels. The early disruption of sex hormone levels can alter important developmental processes and cause significant differences in later stages of sexual maturation. Higher maternal urinary phthalate concentrations are associated with increased likelihoods of preterm birth.58 Higher levels of prenatal phthalate exposure and phthalate metabolites in urine samples are correlated with lower IQ measures and other measures of cognitive ability.59 57 Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a petrochemical found in food or beverages sold in lined metal cans and in polycarbonate beverage containers (including many baby bottles). BPA is a synthetic estrogen; even in low doses it disrupts development of normal reproductive systems and is also implicated in a host of other health-related issues. A recent study of umbilical cord blood in minority children 60 was the first to demonstrate BPA in the blood of newborns. This would be equally likely in Jimmie or Suzie of any race if they ate or drank from similar baby bottles or canned food sources. Major baby bottle makers and beverage container makers are moving away from BPA following bad publicity about BPA entering formula when baby bottles are heated.6¹ Legislation mandating that change is spreading, but plastic linings of metal cans continue to contaminate the food in them with BPA. Other toxins that might affect Jimmie or Suzie in a modern suburban home include dozens of brominated flame retardants.62 Brominated flame retardants, also known as PBDEs, are absorbed by mothers and passed on through breast milk. The United States and Canada both allow these toxic materials to be used as fire retardants (in furniture, computers, TVs, automobiles, and so on) despite medical evidence that has resulted in the banning of PBDEs by the European Union. The average level of brominated fire retardants in the breast milk of twenty first-time U.S. mothers was approximately seventy-five times higher than was found in European women. 63 PBDE concentrations in breast milk in the United States are correlated to concentrations in house 65 dust and increased maternal consumption of dairy products and meat. 64 Research has also shown that PBDEs, which pass to infants via breast milk, cause memory deficits, learning and hearing impairments, and other sensory deficiencies. PBDE exposure at critical moments in prenatal brain development can cause permanent harm.66 PBDE levels as low as four parts per billion (ppb) in animal brain tissue or twelve ppb in animal brain fat cause permanent brain damage. Thirty percent of U.S. women have more than twelve ppb of PBDE in the fat of their breast milk; it is not known how that corresponds to resulting concentrations of PBDE in infant brain tissue.67 PBDES produce infant developmental deficits by reducing thyroid function in pregnant mothers. Women with low thyroid hormone levels are much more likely to have babies categorized as having IQs of less than 85 and IQs of less than 70. These IQ levels are likely to significantly limit their possibilities for a full life (two-thirds of children dropping out of high school have IQs below 85). PBDE effects on later thyroid function in children exposed before birth may or may not be as permanent as the neurological deficiencies produced.68
Transcribed Image Text:Another chemical group, known as phthalates, are plastic softening agents generally found in soft toys and flexible bottles, like the ones seen with young families at the sidelines of soccer games. Mothers with higher phthalate concentrations in their breast milk had male infants with altered early sex hormone levels. The early disruption of sex hormone levels can alter important developmental processes and cause significant differences in later stages of sexual maturation. Higher maternal urinary phthalate concentrations are associated with increased likelihoods of preterm birth.58 Higher levels of prenatal phthalate exposure and phthalate metabolites in urine samples are correlated with lower IQ measures and other measures of cognitive ability.59 57 Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a petrochemical found in food or beverages sold in lined metal cans and in polycarbonate beverage containers (including many baby bottles). BPA is a synthetic estrogen; even in low doses it disrupts development of normal reproductive systems and is also implicated in a host of other health-related issues. A recent study of umbilical cord blood in minority children 60 was the first to demonstrate BPA in the blood of newborns. This would be equally likely in Jimmie or Suzie of any race if they ate or drank from similar baby bottles or canned food sources. Major baby bottle makers and beverage container makers are moving away from BPA following bad publicity about BPA entering formula when baby bottles are heated.6¹ Legislation mandating that change is spreading, but plastic linings of metal cans continue to contaminate the food in them with BPA. Other toxins that might affect Jimmie or Suzie in a modern suburban home include dozens of brominated flame retardants.62 Brominated flame retardants, also known as PBDEs, are absorbed by mothers and passed on through breast milk. The United States and Canada both allow these toxic materials to be used as fire retardants (in furniture, computers, TVs, automobiles, and so on) despite medical evidence that has resulted in the banning of PBDEs by the European Union. The average level of brominated fire retardants in the breast milk of twenty first-time U.S. mothers was approximately seventy-five times higher than was found in European women. 63 PBDE concentrations in breast milk in the United States are correlated to concentrations in house 65 dust and increased maternal consumption of dairy products and meat. 64 Research has also shown that PBDEs, which pass to infants via breast milk, cause memory deficits, learning and hearing impairments, and other sensory deficiencies. PBDE exposure at critical moments in prenatal brain development can cause permanent harm.66 PBDE levels as low as four parts per billion (ppb) in animal brain tissue or twelve ppb in animal brain fat cause permanent brain damage. Thirty percent of U.S. women have more than twelve ppb of PBDE in the fat of their breast milk; it is not known how that corresponds to resulting concentrations of PBDE in infant brain tissue.67 PBDES produce infant developmental deficits by reducing thyroid function in pregnant mothers. Women with low thyroid hormone levels are much more likely to have babies categorized as having IQs of less than 85 and IQs of less than 70. These IQ levels are likely to significantly limit their possibilities for a full life (two-thirds of children dropping out of high school have IQs below 85). PBDE effects on later thyroid function in children exposed before birth may or may not be as permanent as the neurological deficiencies produced.68
Children in the Suburbs Life in the suburbs, however, does not insure safety from environmental toxins for Jimmie or Suzie. Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a component of nonstick coatings, fabric, leather, food packaging, and other applications typical of convenience products seen in affluent suburbs. PFC use in the home translates to PFC accumulation in our bodies. PFCs are highly suspect for their effect on human health; they are linked in laboratory animal studies to liver and testicular cancer, immune system disorders, birth defects, and other medical issues. Even relatively low levels of PFCs in maternal blood serum are associated with reduced birth weights. A recent study of the efficiency of PFC transfer between mother and child by breast feeding indicated serious questions of health risks, sufficient for the study's authors to call for an assessment of hazardous exposure via nursing. PFCs give us nothing but convenience. Among the chemical compounds identified in umbilical cord blood at birth are eight PFCs used in fast food packaging and clothing, including PFOA, categorized as a likely human carcinogen by the EPA's Science Advisory Board.53 Like their rural counterparts, suburban Jimmie or Suzie will face a greater risk of leukemia if Dad or Mom sprays pesticides in the house, an increased risk of childhood brain cancer if Mom or Dad use herbicides residentially, and an increased risk of leukemia if the level of PCBs in carpet dust (industrial chemicals banned in 1988 but often present indoors where their breakdown by sunlight and water is low) is high in the room where the child spends the most time.54 Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia rates are also increased by postnatal exposure to household air containing paint fumes; even the type of chemical exposure we casually produce by repainting a nursery in a suburban home can have tragic consequences.55 An additional health risk for suburban children is the scantily researched health risks associated with chemicals released from the crumb rubber layer in artificial turf playing fields. This cushioning layer is generally made of ground recycled automobile tires, which contain a wide variety of chemical additives and which are considered too toxic to dispose of in normal landfills or by ocean dumping. Early indications are that volatile organic compounds with known health effects are released from the rubber subsurface layer and may pose a hazard to children whose sports or recreational activities bring them into substantial contact with artificial turf.56
Transcribed Image Text:Children in the Suburbs Life in the suburbs, however, does not insure safety from environmental toxins for Jimmie or Suzie. Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a component of nonstick coatings, fabric, leather, food packaging, and other applications typical of convenience products seen in affluent suburbs. PFC use in the home translates to PFC accumulation in our bodies. PFCs are highly suspect for their effect on human health; they are linked in laboratory animal studies to liver and testicular cancer, immune system disorders, birth defects, and other medical issues. Even relatively low levels of PFCs in maternal blood serum are associated with reduced birth weights. A recent study of the efficiency of PFC transfer between mother and child by breast feeding indicated serious questions of health risks, sufficient for the study's authors to call for an assessment of hazardous exposure via nursing. PFCs give us nothing but convenience. Among the chemical compounds identified in umbilical cord blood at birth are eight PFCs used in fast food packaging and clothing, including PFOA, categorized as a likely human carcinogen by the EPA's Science Advisory Board.53 Like their rural counterparts, suburban Jimmie or Suzie will face a greater risk of leukemia if Dad or Mom sprays pesticides in the house, an increased risk of childhood brain cancer if Mom or Dad use herbicides residentially, and an increased risk of leukemia if the level of PCBs in carpet dust (industrial chemicals banned in 1988 but often present indoors where their breakdown by sunlight and water is low) is high in the room where the child spends the most time.54 Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia rates are also increased by postnatal exposure to household air containing paint fumes; even the type of chemical exposure we casually produce by repainting a nursery in a suburban home can have tragic consequences.55 An additional health risk for suburban children is the scantily researched health risks associated with chemicals released from the crumb rubber layer in artificial turf playing fields. This cushioning layer is generally made of ground recycled automobile tires, which contain a wide variety of chemical additives and which are considered too toxic to dispose of in normal landfills or by ocean dumping. Early indications are that volatile organic compounds with known health effects are released from the rubber subsurface layer and may pose a hazard to children whose sports or recreational activities bring them into substantial contact with artificial turf.56
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