How base tautomerization causes mutation?

Q: What are some differences between class I and class II transposable elements?

A: Transposable elements are also known as jumping genes. They are the DNA sequences that can change…

Q: What is central dogma of molecular genetics? How does it work ?

A: The Central Dogma was first proposed in 1958 by Francis Crick. He was also the discoverer of the…

Q: List three rules for designing primers?

A: A primer is short ,single strand DNA sequence used in the polymerase chain reaction. Primers are…

Q: What separates the base pair at the start of DNAreplication?

A: DNA replication is the process in which DNA makes a copy of itself by copying a double-stranded DNA…

Q: What is a Watson–Crick base pair?

A: Two nucleotides in the complementary strands of the nucleic acids are connected to each other by…

Q: What is Simple sequence repeat?

A: The genome of every individual contains millions of genetic variation or variants which make each…

Q: What are deletion mutation with suitable example?

A: Mutations are the alterations or the changes that occur in the DNA. Mutations are variations in…

Q: How do base analogs lead to mutations?

A: Base analogues are compounds that have a structure that is substantially close to one of the four…

Q: What is a telomere problem and how is telomerase useful in this context?

A: Telomere is the sequence of repetitive nucleotides present at the ends of the chromosomes. Telomeres…

Q: What is a A hypomorphic mutation?

A: The change in normal structure or function of a wild type of gene due to alteration in nucleotides,…

Q: Why transposons are called jumping genes?

A: A sequence of DNA sequence that has the ability to move or insert itself at a new location in the…

Q: Why did we obtain the sequence from the forward primers separate from the reverse primer?

A: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a hereditary molecule that passes genetic information from one…

Q: What is a retromer?

A: Cell surface receptor are the receptor that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells. They act…

Q: what is a palindromic sequence?

A: If a nucleic acid sequence in a double stranded DNA or RNA molecule is read in a particular…

Q: What is the chemical composition of the genetic material?

A: To define: To explain the chemical composition of the genetic material and the code structure

Q: Is duplication a mutation?

A: Mutations are defined as the permanent change in the DNA’s base sequence. An agent that causes…

Q: What is a driver mutation?

A: Mutations are defined as the change in the sequence of DNA of an organism due to any environmental…

Q: What causes trinucleotide repeat expansion?

A: Trinucleotide repeat expansion or triplet repeat expansion refers to the mutation of DNA consisting…

Q: What are WatsonCrick base pairs?

A: Nucleic acids are the organic materials present in all organisms in the form of DNA or RNA. These…

Q: What are degenerate primers? Name two uses for degenerate primers.

A: Introduction  A primer is a small sequence of nucleic acids that serves as the precursor to DNA…

Q: Compare the structural features that distinguish B-DNA from A-DNA and Z-DNA. What is known about the…

A: DNA is the genetic material in almost all organisms with the exception of RNA viruses. DNA exists in…

Q: What is an anomer? Are these two models anomers? Explain.

A: Stereoisomerism or spatial isomerism is a form of isomerism in which molecules have the same…

Q: What are Watson-Crick base pairs? Why are they important?

A: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a type of biomolecule. It is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides…

Q: What is DNA abbreviation of?

A: DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic instructions for building, organizing and running all…

Q: Why in some instances are cytosines mutational hotspots?

A: Throughout a nucleotide sequence, mutation frequencies vary. Mutation "hotspots" are positions where…

Q: What are the base-pairing rules?

A: The nucleotides present in the DNA are known as base pairs. There are a total of four base pairs -…

Q: What is the significance that the cleavage site is 10-base-pairs long?

A: Biomolecules are organic molecules that occur and function in living systems. They include…

Q: How do alkylating agents, nitrous acid, and hydroxylamine produce mutations?

A: The mutagens are the agents that are responsible for causing the genetic mutations. It is classified…

Q: What is Hybridization/Annealing ?

A: Annealing which is also known as Hybridization is defined as the spontaneous pairing occur of…

Q: What is the Kozak Sequence?

A: A small amino acid sequence act as an initiation sequence and binds to the mRNA in order to start…

Q: What are DNA methyltransferases (DNMTS) ?

A: Enzymes are protein molecules that aid in increasing the rate of metabolism and chemical reactions…

Q: TACAT

A: Solution :There are three types of DNA Mutations: base substitutions, deletions and insertions.

Q: How do type IA, type IB, and type II topoisomerases alter DNA topology?Which processes require the…

A: Enzyme is a catalytic molecule that increases the rate of any chemical reaction without being used…

Q: What are DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) ?

A: Enzymes are referred to as the molecules of proteins that help in increasing the metabolism rate and…

Q: What is a silent mutation? Why is the name “silent mutation” a bit of a misnomer?

A: The flow of information in the cell is generally from DNA to RNA to proteins. DNA contains the…

Q: What Is the Molecular Basis of Mutation?

A: Introduction Mutations in the genes may be caused artificially or occur naturally. When an organism…

Q: What are histone octamer?

A: Chromosomes are thread-like structures situated inside the nucleus of plant and animal cells. Each…

Q: How the conformational changes impact its affinity for the target DNAsequence ?

A: Introduction  Protein is the key biomolecule in the biological system, any important physiological…

Q: What feature of the –10 sequence makes it easy to unwind?

A: Pribnow box, or -10 sequence represents the six-nucleotide-sequence TATAAT. This sequence is a…

Q: what is Composite transposon

A: Transposons are the DNA sequences capable of changing its position or location within the genome of…

Q: What is nonsense mutation ?

A: A mutation is any change in a cell’s DNA sequence. It may change one or more base pairs. The effects…

Q: What is the importance of proteins for living beings? What is the name of the DNA duplication…

A: Protein is a macronutrient that is essential to building muscle mass,It is commonly found in animal…

Q: What is single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ?

A:

Q: How many base pairs are changed in the sickle cell mutation?

A: in sickle-cell anemia, the gene for beta globin is mutated. As a result the mutated protein is…

Mitochondrial Mutations

A mitochondrion is a cellular organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate). It is a double-membrane-bound organelle and is only present in eukaryotic cells.