history bec Oxygen Isotope Data Past temperatures can be inferred from the ratios of 160 and 180 isotopes in clam shells. Because 160 is lighter than 180, the 160 isotopes evaporate more easily. Rain, snow, and glaciers therefore contain very little 180, which stays in the ocean. Time periods that show an increase in 180 in clam shells indicate that a great deal of ice (containing 160) was stored on land in glaciers. Phanerozoic Climate Change Oxygen-18 (parts per thousand) 4 -3 2 7 1 2 Hot Cold 3 542 500 450 400 Data source: Jan Veizer et al, 1999 - ******* 300 250 200 350 Millions of years ago Short-term average Long-term average Glacial periods 150 100 50 Now (32) SEP Analyze and Interpret Data Calculate the mean time between the starts of cold glacial periods over the past 500 million years. aYYas Learning Company LLC. All Rights Re

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