High intracranial pressure (inside the skull) typically is a result of an injury to the head and can be very dangerous. A screening test for high intracranial pressure was proposed many years ago, based on the data in the a. How many false positives were there among these 189 people? Explain the meaning of a false positive for the person tested. following observations. This simple and non-invasive test involves observing the retinal vein to see if it is pulsating Pulsation is normal and so would be considered a negative test result. Pulsation Absent Pulsation Present (Negative Test) Total (Positive Test) High Intracranial Pressure b. How many false negatives were there? Explain the meaning of a false negative for the person tested. (Condition Present) 43 43 Normal Intracranial Pressure (Condition Absent) Total 18 128 146 61 128 189 Sources: B.E Levin, "The Cinical Significance of Spontaneous Pulsations of the Retinal Vein." Archives of Neurology Vol. 35. 1978, pp. 37-40: www.cebm.netindex.esplo-1042
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
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