Hi I hope you're doing fine.I need help with these questions please! thank you! **What are cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases?**Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are crucial proteins that regulate the cell cycle. Cyclins are a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating CDK enzymes. Cyclins bind to CDKs, forming a complex that functions as a kinase. This complex phosphorylates specific target proteins, leading to cell cycle progression through different phases such as G1, S, G2, and M. The levels of cyclins fluctuate throughout the cell cycle, ensuring tight regulation and proper timing of cell division. Understanding cyclins and CDKs is vital for insights into cell biology and the mechanisms underlying diseases such as cancer. **What is the relationship between control of the cell cycle and cancer?** The cell cycle is a series of phases that cells go through as they grow and divide. Proper control of this cycle is crucial for normal cell function and tissue health. Cancer can result when this regulation fails and cells begin to grow uncontrollably. This can occur due to mutations in genes that produce proteins responsible for regulating the cell cycle, leading to unchecked cell division and tumor formation. Therefore, understanding and controlling the cell cycle is key in cancer research and treatment development.

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Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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Hi I hope you're doing fine.

I need help with these questions please!

thank you!

**What are cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases?**

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are crucial proteins that regulate the cell cycle. Cyclins are a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating CDK enzymes. Cyclins bind to CDKs, forming a complex that functions as a kinase. This complex phosphorylates specific target proteins, leading to cell cycle progression through different phases such as G1, S, G2, and M. The levels of cyclins fluctuate throughout the cell cycle, ensuring tight regulation and proper timing of cell division. Understanding cyclins and CDKs is vital for insights into cell biology and the mechanisms underlying diseases such as cancer.

**What is the relationship between control of the cell cycle and cancer?**

The cell cycle is a series of phases that cells go through as they grow and divide. Proper control of this cycle is crucial for normal cell function and tissue health. Cancer can result when this regulation fails and cells begin to grow uncontrollably. This can occur due to mutations in genes that produce proteins responsible for regulating the cell cycle, leading to unchecked cell division and tumor formation. Therefore, understanding and controlling the cell cycle is key in cancer research and treatment development.

Expert Solution

Step 1

Cell cycle:

a. When a cell grows to a maximum size, it divides and undergoes a series of changes in a newly formed cell that is involved in growth and division to form two daughter cells. This process is known as the cell cycle.

b. It consists of two stages: a non-dividing growing interphase or short dividing mitotic phase.

c. The period between two mitotic divisions is called interphase and it is divided into three stages: G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase.

d. A checkpoint in the cell cycle is a critical control point where the stop and the start signals regulate the cell cycle. The three major checkpoints are G1, G2, and M phases.

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