Hello, I need help answering 5c & 5d using the phylogeny below(letter (A) graph to the left). Pls and thank you! a) In the 1990s, when only mitochondrial DNA sequencing was available, geneticists claimed that there was no hybridization between humans (Homo sapiens) and Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis). Does the phylogeny shown above support the claim humans did not hybridize with Neanderthals in the past? How can you tell? b) Once nuclear DNA sequencing became fast and able to handle sequencing ancient DNA, living humans were found to have some Neanderthal genes. Is this finding clear evidence that some early modern humans did indeed hybridize with Neanderthals? Why? c) Did female H. sapiens hybridize with Neanderthal males to produce fertile offspring that then back-crossed with modern humans? What does the graph say about this? d) Did male H. sapiens hybridize with Neanderthal females that then back-crossed with modern humans? What does the graph say about this?Photo reference:Futuyma, D. J. (2017). Chapter 21 Evolution and Homo sapiens. In 1364598148 998145751 M. Kirkpatrick (Ed.), Evolution (4th ed., pp. 545-570). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. (A)(B)AustralianFIGURE 2113 Mitochondrial genetrees reveal relations among humansand closely related species. (A) A genetree based on the mtDNA from livinghumans, Neanderthal fossils, chimpan-zees, and bonobos. The similarity of se-quences from Neanderthals and livinghumans is a dramatic confirmation ofthe conclusion made earlier from fossilsthat the two lineages are very closelyrelated. In this tree, the lengths ofbranches are proportional to the num-ber of changes in the DNA sequences.(B) A gene tree of mtDNA from livinghumans shows that its deepest branch-es are found in Africa, corresponding towhere our species originated. All non-African lineages are descendants of asingle ancestral mtDNA that left Africaabout 60 Kya. The shallower branchesconnecting all non-African lineagesindicate that they are more recentlydiverged than lineages in Africa. (A after[5], B after [33].)BonobosPima (No. American)Papua New Guinea highlandGeorgianUzbek (central Asian)ChimpanzeesLivinghumansCrimean TatarFrenchEnglishNon-AfricanKoreanNeanderthalsChineseAsian IndianKhirgiz (central Asian)Warao (So. American)Siberian InuitAfricanGuarani (So. American)JapaneseMkambaEwondoLisongoYorubaMandenkaEffikIboMbenzeleBiakaMbenzeleKikuyuHausaMbutiSan

The phenomenon of evolution of a population to form distinct species is called speciation. A group…

Answered: Hello, I need help answering 5c & 5d…

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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Hello, I need help answering 5c & 5d using the phylogeny below(letter (A) graph to the left). Pls and thank you! a) In the 1990s, when only mitochondrial DNA sequencing was available, geneticists claimed that there was no hybridization between humans (Homo sapiens) and Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis). Does the phylogeny shown above support the claim humans did not hybridize with Neanderthals in the past? How can you tell? b) Once nuclear DNA sequencing became fast and able to handle sequencing ancient DNA, living humans were found to have some Neanderthal genes. Is this finding clear evidence that some early modern humans did indeed hybridize with Neanderthals? Why? c) Did female H. sapiens hybridize with Neanderthal males to produce fertile offspring that then back-crossed with modern humans? What does the graph say about this? d) Did male H. sapiens hybridize with Neanderthal females that then back-crossed with modern humans? What does the graph say about this? Photo reference: Futuyma, D. J. (2017). Chapter 21 Evolution and Homo sapiens. In 1364598148 998145751 M. Kirkpatrick (Ed.), Evolution (4th ed., pp. 545-570). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.

(A)
(B)
Australian
FIGURE 2113 Mitochondrial gene
trees reveal relations among humans
and closely related species. (A) A gene
tree based on the mtDNA from living
humans, Neanderthal fossils, chimpan-
zees, and bonobos. The similarity of se-
quences from Neanderthals and living
humans is a dramatic confirmation of
the conclusion made earlier from fossils
that the two lineages are very closely
related. In this tree, the lengths of
branches are proportional to the num-
ber of changes in the DNA sequences.
(B) A gene tree of mtDNA from living
humans shows that its deepest branch-
es are found in Africa, corresponding to
where our species originated. All non-
African lineages are descendants of a
single ancestral mtDNA that left Africa
about 60 Kya. The shallower branches
connecting all non-African lineages
indicate that they are more recently
diverged than lineages in Africa. (A after
[5], B after [33].)
Bonobos
Pima (No. American)
Papua New Guinea highland
Georgian
Uzbek (central Asian)
Chimpanzees
Living
humans
Crimean Tatar
French
English
Non-African
Korean
Neanderthals
Chinese
Asian Indian
Khirgiz (central Asian)
Warao (So. American)
Siberian Inuit
African
Guarani (So. American)
Japanese
Mkamba
Ewondo
Lisongo
Yoruba
Mandenka
Effik
Ibo
Mbenzele
Biaka
Mbenzele
Kikuyu
Hausa
Mbuti
San

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