Analyzing Infrared Spectra
The electromagnetic radiation or frequency is classified into radio-waves, micro-waves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. The infrared spectra emission refers to the portion between the visible and the microwave areas of electromagnetic spectrum. This spectral area is usually divided into three parts, near infrared (14,290 – 4000 cm-1), mid infrared (4000 – 400 cm-1), and far infrared (700 – 200 cm-1), respectively. The number set is the number of the wave (cm-1).
IR Spectrum Of Cyclohexanone
It is the analysis of the structure of cyclohexaone using IR data interpretation.
IR Spectrum Of Anisole
Interpretation of anisole using IR spectrum obtained from IR analysis.
IR Spectroscopy
Infrared (IR) or vibrational spectroscopy is a method used for analyzing the particle's vibratory transformations. This is one of the very popular spectroscopic approaches employed by inorganic as well as organic laboratories because it is helpful in evaluating and distinguishing the frameworks of the molecules. The infra-red spectroscopy process or procedure is carried out using a tool called an infrared spectrometer to obtain an infrared spectral (or spectrophotometer).
![**Educational Website Transcription**
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**Abstract:**
This experiment compares product distribution from alkyl bromides using substitution or elimination reactions with various bases. The influence of the base and substrate on product distribution is studied with a focus on the outcome for olefin and ether products. The experiment is designed for second-year undergraduate chemistry students to understand these reactions better. Techniques like gas chromatography are key for the analysis, illustrating the composition and yield of the reactions.
**Keywords:**
- Second-Year Undergraduate
- Analytical Chemistry
- Laboratory Instruction
- Organic Chemistry
- Hands-On Learning
- Manipulatives
- Inquiry-Based/Discovery Learning
- Elimination Reactions
- Gas Chromatography
- Nucleophilic Substitution
**Introduction:**
The substitution and elimination reactions are vital for organic chemistry curricula but can be challenging to learn. This experiment reviews the impact of nucleophiles, solvents, and substrates on these reactions, with a practical method for analyzing product distributions using gas chromatography.
**Graph Explanation:**
- The presented graph shows the distribution of olefin (green bars) and ether (red bars) products for different reagents, highlighting the variation caused by different reactions.
**Experiment Details:**
**Scheme 1: Overall Reactions**
The reactions involve the substitution of bromine in alkyl bromides with nucleophiles (M⁺ R-O⁻) leading to different products based on the structure of the reagent, indicated by substituents like H₃C, CH₃, and others.
**Table 1: Reagents**
A list of reagents is detailed with molarity, molar mass, and respective volumes needed for the experiment, including:
- 1-Bromopentane
- 2-Bromopentane
- 2-Bromo-2-methylpentane
- Sodium methoxide and ethoxide in methanol or ethanol
- Sodium hydroxide and tert-butoxide in methanol
- Ammonium chloride
**Figure 1 & 2: Gas Chromatography (GC) Results**
- **Figure 1:** GC analysis of products from the reaction of 2-bromopentane and sodium ethoxide in ethanol. Peaks represent different reaction products with retention times.
- **Figure 2:** GC analysis for 1-bromopentane shows a range of components reflecting the distinct distribution due to its structural difference.
The experiment, taking 15–20 minutes, offers hands](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F194eaa6d-3d06-4caa-95b4-50a91c051936%2Ff5108823-760a-4537-af41-2614b3f25c64%2Fao562p9_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
![**Exercise 1: Alkyl Halides and Nucleophiles/Bases**
*Task:*
1. Name and draw structures of the alkyl halides and nucleophiles/bases used below.
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*Instructions:*
- Identify the given alkyl halides and nucleophiles/bases.
- Provide a clear diagram of their molecular structures.
- Ensure each component is correctly labeled to facilitate learning.
*Notes:*
- **Alkyl halides** are compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an alkyl group, typically found in organic chemistry.
- **Nucleophiles and bases** are substances that donate an electron pair to form a chemical bond in a reaction.
*Objective:*
- To enhance understanding of organic compounds and reaction mechanisms.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F194eaa6d-3d06-4caa-95b4-50a91c051936%2Ff5108823-760a-4537-af41-2614b3f25c64%2Fvyjmcx_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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