H.W.3 For a smooth vertical wall supporting a granular backfill with o' = 34°, determine K, using Eq. 5, 10, 15, and 20 degrees, for a = 0, H.W.4 A wall of 8 m height retains sand having a density of 1.936 Mg/m³ and an angle of internal friction of 34°. If the surface of the backfill slopes upwards at 15° to the horizontal, find the active thrust per unit length of the wall. Use Rankine's conditions.

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.