H-CI H-F N-H N-O O-H 0-0 436 kJ/mol 431 kJ/mol 567 kJ/mol 391 kJ/mol 201 kJ/mol 463 kJ/mol 146 kJ/mol 155 kJ/mol Average Bond Energies (kJ/mol) 413 kJ/mol 348 kJ/mol 293 kJ/mol 358 kJ/mol 485 kJ/mol C-H C-C C-S CI-CI CH₁ 202 CO₂ + 2H₂O 328 kJ/mol 259 kJ/mol 242 kJ/mol C-C C-C N=N N=N C-N 614 kJ/mol 839 kJ/mol 799 kJ/mol 495 kJ/mol 1072 kJ/mol 615 kJ/mol 418 kJ/mol 941 kJ/mol 891 kJ/mol
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
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