Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
One of the first drugs to be approved for use in treatment of acccquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was azidothymidine (AZT). Complete the Lewis structure for AZT
a. How many carbon atoms are sp3 hybridised?
b. How many carbon atoms are sp2 hybridised?
c. Which atom is sp hybridised?
d. How many σ bonds are in the molecule?
e. How many π bonds are in the molecule?
f. What is the N9N9N bond angle in the azide (--N3) group?
g. What is the H--Q--C bond angle in the side group attached to the five-membered ring?
h. What is the hybridization of the oxygen atom in the --CH2OH group?
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