Greyhound German shepherd Bulldog Cocker spaniel FIGURE 28.9 Some common breeds of dogs that have been obtained by selective breeding. Genes-Traits By selecting parents carrying the alleles that have a desired effect on certain quantitative traits, dog breeders have produced breeds with distinctive sets of traits. For example, the bulldog has alleles that produce short legs and a flat face. By comparison, the corresponding genes in a German shepherd have alleles that produce longer legs and a more pointy snout. All of the dogs shown in this figure carry the same kinds of genes (e.g., many genes that affect their sizes, shapes, and fur color). However, the alleles for many of these genes are different among these dogs, thereby producing breeds with strikingly different phenotypes.
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What are the similarities and differences between natural selection and selective breeding?
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- Mutation O Silent mutation from one allele to another ■ Suppose one allele (A1) mutates to another (A2) at some rate, μ, each generation within a population, and A2 mutates to A1 at some other rate, v. Suppose also that A1 and A2 are selectively neutral - they confer equal fitness. what is the equilibrial frequency of each of the two alleles (p* and q*)? You can think of the mathematical result as p* being the mutation rate towards A1 divided by the sum of the mutation rates. OR, p* is the proportion of all mutation rates (µ+v) that is mutation in the A1 direction (v). See box 7.7. ● ● ● μ = mutation from A1 to A2 v = mutation from A2 to A1 p* = v/(μ+v) Example: A1 mutates to A2 in 0.0004 of all offspring per generation. In other words the probability of mutation from A1 to A2 is 0.0004. A2 mutates to A1 in 0.0001 of all offspring per generation. What is the expected equilibrial abundance A1 and A2? μ = mutation from A1 to A2 = 0.0004 v = mutation from A2 to A1 = 0.0001 p* = v/(μ+v) =…BR Br bR br BbRr Bbrr bbRr bbr br BbRr Bbr ber bbor br How many F, Guinea pigs may have black eyes and rough fur? How many F, Guinea pigs may have red eyes and smooth fur?- How many F, Guinea pigs may have red eyes and rough fur?. How many F, Guinea pigs may have black eyes and smooth fur How many F, Guinea pigs may be homozygous for both genes?. How many F, Guinea pigs may be heterozygous for both genes?Tiny foxes live on the Channel Islands off the coastof Southern California; the adults weigh less than3 lbs. These so-called island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) derived from the mainland gray fox (Urocyoncinereoargenteus). Analysis of genome sequencesrevealed that unlike the mainland foxes, the foxeson a single island have shockingly little geneticdiversity.a. The genome of only one fox from each island wassequenced. How would the lack of genetic diversitybe evident in a single genome sequence?b. The populations of the foxes on each island aresmall. How might the low diversity have occurred?c. Why is low genetic diversity thought to lead tospecies extinction?d. Hypothesize as to why the Channel Island foxesare thriving without human assistance despite theirlack of genome sequence diversity
- Ancestry prediction in 23 & Me is continuously updated as new individuals aregenotyped. This can change an individual’s personal predicted ancestry by refining theregion of ancestral origins or potentially identifying a less common ancestry in the lineage.This can similarly happen with animals where new breeds are identified in an individual’sancestry as new breeds are genotyped. Explain how ancestry prediction is done and howthat prediction can change as more individuals are genotyped.3. 3 I bbtal) Let's take a ślightly different look at the blue-eyed Mary Plants again. To remind you, the populations are dimorphic for dark blotches on the leaves --- some plants have blotches, and others don't. You have already determined earlier in the semester that Blotched is the dominant allele for this trait (use p for the dominant allele), and blotchless (no dark blotches on leaves) is the recessive allele for this trait (use g for the recessive allele). Leaves were sampled from each individual in a population of these plants, representing population in its entirety. The results are shown below: Remember our Hardy-Weinberg formulas: p² + 2pq +q² = 1 and p + q =1. Based solely on the phenotypic information given in the figure above, determine the following information (round to 2 decimal nlaces, please): :de d£h: q = 2pq- 2pqs What percentage of the plants are homozygous for the dominant allele?br br BERr BR BbRr BURY BR How many F, Guinea pigs may have black eyes and rough fur?. How many F, Guinea pigs may have red eyes and smooth fur? How many F, Guinea pigs may be homozygous for both genes?. How many F, Guinea pigs may be heterozygous for both genes?
- 11:52 and ry bod es loc he al alle omi Tomo tted es, wh Show cemplete nis ne n the type ratios for each generatio pes an Other problems: How do you know the genotype of organisms with a dominant phenotype? Is it homozygous or heterozygous? 8. A pea plant exhibits a purple color, but you are unsure of its genotype. With what could you cross this plant to determine its genotype? Show all of your work for the cross. What is this type of cross called? Incomplete dominance: Genes code for the production of specific proteins, many of which are enzymes. Different alleles at a locus code for alternative forms of a protein that differ in structure and when the protein is an enzyme, often have different degrees of catalytic activity. Therefore, a heterozygote genotvpe produces an intermediate phenotype.The total number of genes in human is far less than the previous estimate.Comment?O Mutation-selection balance Suppose that one allele A₁ mutates to another allele A2 at some rate, μ. Suppose as well that A₁ is dominant over A2 such that A₁A1 and A₁A2 both have the same fitness, but that individuals that are homozygous recessive (A2A2) for the mutant allele A2 are less fit than the dominant genotype by some amount s, the selection coefficient. In this case, A2 mutant alleles come into the population at rate µ, and are removed from the population only when the show up in homozygous genotypes. The gory mathematical proof can be found in Box 7.8, which tells us that: O ■ Example: Suppose A₁ mutates to A2 at rate 0.005, but A₂A2 homozygous recessives are 50% less fit (s = 0.5) than either A₁A1 or A₁A2. What are the expected equilibrial abundances of A₁ and A2? μ = 0.005 S = 0.5 p* = 1-sqrt(µ/s) = 1-sqrt(0.005/0.5) = 0.9 = sqrt(µ/s) = sqrt(0.005/0.5) = 0.1 ● * p = = 1-sqrt(µ/s) q* = sqrt(μ/s) ● Question: Suppose A₁ mutates to A2 at rate 0.01, but A₂A2 homozygous…
- atural Selection - DA # 3 Flgure A shows the color of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) In the Nebraska Sand Hills (white area) and the rest of the State (grey area). Mice are shown on the habitat they are not nomally found on. The color of the Sand Hills Is shown below the light-colored mouse (normal habltat), while the color of the ground in the rest of the State is shown below the dark-colored mouse. Figure B shows the phenotyplc difference in the hair shaft of the wild-type and the light-colored (wideband) mice. Figure C shows the expressilon levels (MRNA) of the Agouti alleles responsīble for the phenotype seen in figure B. a+= wild-type Agouti alele, a-= a deletion of the Agouti allele, awb = wideband Agouti allele mutation, and the black rectangles undermeath each bar is the relative difference in the hair shaft band phenotype. Wder band means lighter hair color in the deer mice. b. The Sand Hills were created by volcanic activity 15,000-8,000 years ago. How were the deer mice…2.1 You are a researcher who has just received an unidentified sample from the deep sea. Name and describe at least four traits you would look for to determine whether or not the sample is alive.12:29 ė Variation in Alleles Allele frequency - Allele frequency, or gene frequency, is the relative frequency of an allele a particular locus in a population 1. What is the allele frequency for the dominant allele? 2. What is the percentage of dominant alleles? 3. What is the allele frequency for the recessive allele? 4. What is the percentage of recessive alleles? 264 If you have 12 alleles, and 7 of them are dominant and 5 of them are recessive, calculate the following allele frequencies. ×