> Figure 1 shows a ferromagnetic core whose mean path length is 40 cm. There is a small gap of 0.05 cm in the structure of the otherwise whole core. The cross-sectional area of the core is 12cm?, the relative permeability of the core is 4000 and the coil of wire on the core has 400 turns. Assume that fringing in the air gap increases the effective cross-sectional area of the air gap by 5 percent. Given this information. Find the total reluctance of the flux path (iron plus air gap) and the current required to produce a flux density of 0.5 T in the air gap. N-400 tuma 0.05 cm A-12 em l-40 cem Figure 1

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Fault Analysis

In an electrical engineering system, a fault is an abnormal electric current flowing through the system, and fault analysis is the study of these faults. For instance, a short-circuit is a fault where the live wire touches the ground or neutral wire. If a circuit is interrupted by a failure of a current-carrying wire then an open circuit fault occurs. The open-circuit faults are also called series faults. One or more phases or ground may be involved in a three-phase fault or may occur only between two phases. Current flows into the earth in case of a ground fault or earth fault. For most situations, the prospective short circuit current of a fault that is predictable can be calculated. To limit the loss of service because of a failure, the protective devices can detect fault conditions and operate circuit breakers and also other devices. All phases equally can be affected in a poly-phase system which is known as symmetric electrical fault. The asymmetric fault becomes more complicated to analyze if only some phases are affected. By using methods such as symmetrical components, the power system analysis of these types of faults is often simplified. The main objective of power system protection is to design, detect, and interrupt power system faults.