> B LTI Launch C Ebooks - Cengage eReader Discussions/24SP-PH205-44- × Sojourner Truth "Ain't I a Woma •Mail - Adel Francis- Thomas - C ebooks.cenreader.com/#!/reader/18624633-3a13-4bf2-b237-1b4369d11f7e/page/6d85b8d2f9ac09db56e68fbaa3c0aa78 Drug Use www.se eTextbook: Drug Use and Abuse Approaches to Etiology "Biopsychosocial" 238 Approaches to 239 Etiology Summary 241 Key Terms 242 Essays/Thought Questions 243 Suggested Readings B Web Resources 244 > Chapter 10. Opiates 245 > Chapter 11. Marijuana 266 Chapter 12 Hallucinogens 297 Chapter 13. > Psychotherapeutic 325 Medications Chapter 14. Other Prescription and Over- 365 the-Counte... Chapter 15. Treatment of Substance Use Disorders Chanter 16 Jump to Page 82°F Clear 387 E< eTextbook: Drug Use and Abuse 239 GO PREVIOUS PAGE Traditional Approaches to Etiology Q Search Contemporary Issue Box 9.6. Is Alcohol Use Disorder a Disease? Periodically, controversy flares over whether alcohol use disorder is a disease. Disease may be defined broadly, but in the strict medical sense, it refers to a clearly identified physical process that is pathological. A critical feature of the definition is that once a disease is contracted, the afflicted individual has no control, or is not responsible, for the disease running its course. Typically, when alcohol use disorder is called a disease, the traditional medical model of disease is the referent. Treatment providers and other citizens fought long and hard in the early 20th century to get alcohol dependence acknowledged as a disease in order to take "treatment" of alcohol use disorder out of the legal system and into the medical profession. The campaign has been more than successful. In 1957, the American Medical Association formally recognized alcohol use disorder as a disease, and still does. Other professional organizations that followed include the American Hospital Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Dental Association, American College Health Association, American Chiropractic Association, the U.S. Congress, and the U.S. Surgeon General. Public opinion polls consistently have shown that a large majority of Americans say they believe that alcohol use disorder is a disease. Moreover, advances in neuroscience research have bolstered this widespread support with more direct studies of drug action on the brain than were once possible. The controversy is over whether the symptoms we call alcohol use disorder are not more accurately thought of as a result of behavior that is learned and voluntary rather than as a manifestation of some disease process. The question is based on research and clinical findings over the last several decades that have sparked much discussion in scientific journals (see Chapter 15). W Ps d + | 0 Q ✩ ☐ Error Q ☑ TT 口 Print Search Annotations Accessibility Bookmark NEXT PAGE Summary 11:57 PM 6/16/2024 × > B LTI Launch C Ebooks - Cengage eReader l Discussions/24SP-PH205-44- × Sojourner Truth "Ain't I a Woma •Mail - Adel Francis- Thomas - C ebooks.cenreader.com/#!/reader/18624633-3a13-4bf2-b237-1b4369d11f7e/page/6d85b8d2f9ac09db56e68fbaa3c0aa78 Drug Use www.se eTextbook: Drug Use and Abuse Approaches to Etiology "Biopsychosocial" Approaches to 239 Etiology E< eTextbook: Drug Use and Abuse 238 243 findings over the last several decades that have sparked much discussion in scientific journals (see Chapter 15). The question is not just an academic one. It has important implications for how people with alcohol use disorder are given treatment, for one thing. In this respect, the dominant position among U.S. treatment professionals, as well as Alcoholics Anonymous, is that alcohol use disorder is a disease. It also has legal ramifications. For example, in a 1988 Supreme Court case, two U.S. military veterans argued unsuccessfully that they should have an extension of the time to take advantage of their benefits because they were "afflicted" with alcoholism within the usual benefit period. The gist of their argument was that, because alcoholism is a disease, they should not be punished for having something they have no control over. The Department of Veterans Affairs instead asserted alcoholism is the result of "willful misconduct." Summary 241 Key Terms 242 Essays/Thought Questions Suggested Readings B Web Resources 244 > Chapter 10. Opiates 245 > Chapter 11. Marijuana 266 Chapter 12 Hallucinogens 297 Chapter 13. > Psychotherapeutic 325 Medications Chapter 14. Other Prescription and Over- 365 the-Counte... Chapter 15. Treatment of Substance Use Disorders Chanter 16 Jump to Page 82°F Clear 387 239 GO PREVIOUS PAGE Traditional Approaches to Etiology Q Search 240 With this example, what might be some ramifications of adherence to a strict position that alcohol use disorder is the result of a biological disease process? What this means in practice is that scientists and practitioners alike cannot hope to understand alcohol use disorder unless they consider together all the types of influencing variables. A good example is some of the research done with sons of alcoholics who do not have alcohol use disorder themselves. One finding is from electrophysiological studies of the brain that show preadolescent sons of fathers with alcohol use disorder may have a deficit that is expressed as a lesser ability to focus on stimuli in the environment (Porjesz & Begleiter, 1995). This difference from boys whose parents do not have alcohol use disorder is presumably inherited and cannot be a consequence of the person's own drinking. In theory, such a deficit could increase the risk of developing alcohol dependence because of, say, a decreased ability to discriminate degree of intoxication when drinking moderately. W Ps d S A + | 0 Q ✩ ☐ Error Q ☑ TT 口 Print Search Annotations Accessibility Bookmark × NEXT PAGE Summary 11:57 PM 6/16/2024