Given: the IDF-curve shown in the Figure below, answer the following questions: a) Intensity for 10-year storm lasting 40 minutes. b) What is the return period for a rainfall intensity of 4 in/hr and duration of 50 minutes? c) What is the probability of a rainfall event of 3 in/hr and 30 minutes duration? d) What is the total rainfall depth for the storm in part a? e) How many times a rainfall intensity of 2 in/hr that lasts for 50 minutes will be equaled or exceeded in 50 years? f) what return period (years) must an engineer use it the design of a bridge opening if it is acceptable to have only a 19% risk that flooding will occur at least once in two consecutive years?

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Precipitation

Precipitation forms the basis of the water cycle on the Earth. The air is packed with water molecules in the form of moisture or water vapor. This water vapor usually rises to the atmosphere due to density differences. Precipitation represents any form of water, in liquid form or frozen form that forms in the earth's atmosphere. The water vapor up in the atmosphere condenses due to low temperature and it leads to the formation of clouds. The water vapor that forms clouds on account of condensation, is preferably known as cloud droplet. These cloud droplets when become heavy and can no longer sustain the weight of condensed water droplets, they come to the Earth in the form of rain, snow, ice pellets, and hail. Precipitation patterns, evaporation, and condensation are the three parameters that decide the global water cycle, climate change, and weather. Additionally, smoke and dust particles are equally important parameters for precipitation, as they provide the surface area for the water vapors to get condensed and to form water droplets. So they are known as condensation nuclei. The presence of other pollutants in the air also serves as condensation nuclei. Precipitation always results in the pure water supply to earth, as the salt from the seawater does not evaporate with the water.