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Given the characteristics listed below for a "typical" river, determine the following parameters related to drinking water quality. The water temperature is 25°C. What is the total hardness: Consider only two major species that contribute the most to total hardness. Choose your answer from the following. Species Ca²+ Mg2+ Na+ Fe³+ Concentration (mg/L) 15 4.1 6.3 0.67 (a) 55 meq/L (b) 1.1 meq/L (c) 1.09 mg/L as CaCO3 (d) 50 mg/L as CaCO3 Molecular weight 40 24 23 55.8 Species HCO3 CO3²- SO4²- SiO₂ Concentration (mg/L) 58.4 0.0085 11.2 13.1 Molecular weight 61 60 96 60.08

Given the characteristics listed below for a "typical" river, determine the following parameters related to drinking water quality. The water temperature is 25°C. What is the total hardness: Consider only two major species that contribute the most to total hardness. Choose your answer from the following. Species Ca²+ Mg2+ Na+ Fe³+ Concentration (mg/L) 15 4.1 6.3 0.67 (a) 55 meq/L (b) 1.1 meq/L (c) 1.09 mg/L as CaCO3 (d) 50 mg/L as CaCO3 Molecular weight 40 24 23 55.8 Species HCO3 CO3²- SO4²- SiO₂ Concentration (mg/L) 58.4 0.0085 11.2 13.1 Molecular weight 61 60 96 60.08

Structural Analysis
Structural Analysis
6th Edition
ISBN:9781337630931
Author:KASSIMALI, Aslam.
Publisher:KASSIMALI, Aslam.
Chapter2: Loads On Structures
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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**Transcription for Educational Website:** --- **Water Quality Analysis of a "Typical" River** Given the characteristics listed below for a “typical” river, determine the following parameters related to drinking water quality. The water temperature is 25°C. **What is the total hardness?** Consider only two major species that contribute the most to total hardness. Choose your answer from the following: | **Species** | **Concentration (mg/L)** | **Molecular weight** | |-------------|--------------------------|----------------------| | Ca²⁺ | 15 | 40 | | Mg²⁺ | 4.1 | 24 | | Na⁺ | 6.3 | 23 | | Fe³⁺ | 0.67 | 55.8 | | **Species** | **Concentration (mg/L)** | **Molecular weight** | |-------------|--------------------------|----------------------| | HCO₃⁻ | 58.4 | 61 | | CO₃²⁻ | 0.0085 | 60 | | SO₄²⁻ | 11.2 | 96 | | SiO₂ | 13.1 | 60.08 | **Possible Answers:** (a) 55 meq/L (b) 1.1 meq/L (c) 1.09 mg/L as CaCO₃ (d) 50 mg/L as CaCO₃ --- **Explanation:** The table above provides the concentration and molecular weight of various species found in river water that contribute to its hardness. The task is to calculate total hardness using only the two major species, which typically are calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺), as they are the primary contributors to water hardness. Hardness is typically expressed in terms of the equivalent amount of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). The tables list both cationic species (such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) and anionic species (such as HCO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻). However, only cationic species are used in determining total hardness in water.
Transcribed Image Text:**Transcription for Educational Website:** --- **Water Quality Analysis of a "Typical" River** Given the characteristics listed below for a “typical” river, determine the following parameters related to drinking water quality. The water temperature is 25°C. **What is the total hardness?** Consider only two major species that contribute the most to total hardness. Choose your answer from the following: | **Species** | **Concentration (mg/L)** | **Molecular weight** | |-------------|--------------------------|----------------------| | Ca²⁺ | 15 | 40 | | Mg²⁺ | 4.1 | 24 | | Na⁺ | 6.3 | 23 | | Fe³⁺ | 0.67 | 55.8 | | **Species** | **Concentration (mg/L)** | **Molecular weight** | |-------------|--------------------------|----------------------| | HCO₃⁻ | 58.4 | 61 | | CO₃²⁻ | 0.0085 | 60 | | SO₄²⁻ | 11.2 | 96 | | SiO₂ | 13.1 | 60.08 | **Possible Answers:** (a) 55 meq/L (b) 1.1 meq/L (c) 1.09 mg/L as CaCO₃ (d) 50 mg/L as CaCO₃ --- **Explanation:** The table above provides the concentration and molecular weight of various species found in river water that contribute to its hardness. The task is to calculate total hardness using only the two major species, which typically are calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺), as they are the primary contributors to water hardness. Hardness is typically expressed in terms of the equivalent amount of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). The tables list both cationic species (such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) and anionic species (such as HCO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻). However, only cationic species are used in determining total hardness in water.
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