Genetic manipulation causing expression of a particular gene in an organism that normally does not express that gene would lead to the creation of a animal. stem cell O knock-out O transgenic gene-targeting triploid
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- Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory. Mutations in the gene for neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells, have been associated with autism. One of these mutations is called R451C because the altered gene encodes a protein with an amino acid substitution: a cysteine (C) instead of an arginine (R) in position 451. In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues introduced the R451C mutation into the neuroligin 3 gene of mice. The researchers discovered that the genetically modified mice had impaired social behavior and superior spatial learning ability. Spatial learning in mice is tested with a water maze, which consists of a small platform submerged a bit below the surface or a pool of water so it is invisible to a swimming mouse. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they try to locate the hidden platform as quickly as they can. When tested again later, they remember the platforms location by checking visual cues around the edge or the pool. How quickly they remember is a measure of their spatial learning ability. FIGURE 15.14 shows some or Tabuchis result. FIGURE 15.14 Spatial learning ability in mice. Mice with a mutation in neuroligin 3 (R451C) were tested for learning performance: as compared with unmodified (wild-type) mice. Did the modified or the unmodified mice learn the location of the platform faster in the first test?Equalizing the Expression of X Chromosome Genes in Males and Females Males have only one X chromosome and therefore only one copy of all genes on the X chromosome. Each gene is directly expressed, thus providing the basis of hemizygosity in males. Females have two X chromosomes, but one is always inactivated. Therefore, females, like males, have only one functional copy of all the genes on the X chromosome. Again, each gene must be directly expressed. Why, then, are females not considered hemizygous, and why are they not afflicted with sex-linked recessive diseases as often as males are?Gene expression does not vary by ________. a. cell type c. stage of development b. extracellular conditions d. the genetic code
- The photos below show flowers from two Arabidopsis plants. One plant is wild-type unmutated; the other carries a mutation in one of its ABC floral identity genes. This mutation causes sepals and petals to form instead of stamens and carpels. Refer to Figure 10.7 to decide which gene A, B, or C has been inactivated by the mutation.Match the terms with the most suitable description. ___ methylation a. makes a man out of you ___ SRY gene b. binding site for repressor ___ operator c. cells become specialized ___ Barr body d. can be epigenetic ___ differentiation e. inactivated X chromosomeProto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes in a numberof different ways. In some cases, the proto-oncogene itselfbecomes amplified up to hundreds of times in a cancer cell.An example is the cyclin D1 gene, which is amplified in somecancers. In other cases, the proto-oncogene may be mutatedin a limited number of specific ways, leading to alterations inthe gene product’s structure. The ras gene is an example of aproto-oncogene that becomes oncogenic after suffering pointmutations in specific regions of the gene. Explain why thesetwo proto-oncogenes (cyclin D1 and ras) undergo such differentalterations to convert them into oncogenes
- Your friend sends you two cancerous cell lines to examine and determine possible mutations. The results are shown below: Cell Line Mutation WT none (wild type DNA) 1 a deletion at the same region on both copies of chromosome 4 a point mutation in a gene on only one copy of chromosome 7 Based on this data, what type of geńe is mutated in each of the cell lines? Select all that apply O Cell line 2 has a mutation in an oncogene Cell line 1 has a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene Cell line 1 has a mutation in an proto-oncogene Cell line 2 has a mutation in a tumor suppressor geneImprinted genes are A- usually methylated B- methylated and not replicated C- not replicated D- usually methylated and not expressed E- not expressedMatch each example of mutation to the correct effect on function. Hypomorphic mutation Hypermorphic mutation Antimorphic mutation Neomorphic A deletion results in the loss of part of a protein and the protein retains some of its normal activity. A mutant allele makes a protein with increased cataytic activity. A mutant form of a transcription factor binds new DNA sequences to activate different genes. A mutant from of a receptor protein interferes with the function of the wild-type receptor through heterodimerization.
- ABOUT Phenylketonuria Explain Potential technical issues and limitations of PCR technology are mentioned Correct information about tissue that can be used to test for a genetic disease and justification of tissue selection Detailed information about the position (exact base pair number) of the new mutation relative to the sequence of the PAH gene. Numbering is based on the start of transcription of the PAH gene. PLEASE ANSWER ALLLL PLEASEEDefine Epigenetic Inheritance Epigenetic inheritance Multiple Choice includes a subset of epigenetlc changes that are passed from parent to offspring across generations. occurs only in female offspring via processes like DNA methy ation is the inheritance of the poténtiol to have DNA changes occur, not the inheritance of actual epigenetic changes is always the result of environmental effects on the cells in an organism involves the inheritance of changes In gene expression thot offects oll traits in an organism Prey 1 of 14 Ne6 of 16 Which gene would most likely be under inducible expression control? O A gene that encodes for a protein required for the electron transport pathway O A gene that encodes for a protein critical for assembly of the bacterial cell wall A gene that encodes for a subunit of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme A gene that encodes for a protein that is produced in response to oxidative stress A gene that encodes for a component of a bacterial flagellar assembly