Gasworks, Incorporated, has been approached to sell up to 3.6 million gallons of gasoline in three months at a price of $2.95 per gallon. Gasoline is currently selling on the wholesale market at $2.80 per gallon and has a standard deviation of 58 percent. If the risk-free rate is 3 percent per year, what is the value of this option? Use the two-state model to value the real option. (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer in dollars, not millions of dollars, rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 1,234,567.89.) Answer is complete but not entirely correct. Value of contract $ 1,235,409.64
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- Suppose the price of gasoline per gallon is currently $5. The risk manager of Universe Airlines expects the price per gallon next year to be either $7 or $4 with equal probabilities. The company plans to buy 1 million gallons of gasoline in one year. The risk manager is concerned about future rising cost of gasoline and is considering using either futures or calls to hedge against the risk. Suppose the riskfree interest rate is 10% per annum. What is the futures price of gasoline per gallon for delivery in one year? What are the possible payoffs of the futures one year from now? If calls are used, only the ones with the same exercise price as the futures price are available now. How much would it cost to buy the calls? What are the possible profits of the calls (the payoffs net of the call premium) one year from now? Suppose the investors of the company are risk averse and their collective risk attitude can be described by log utility. Assume that the risk manager maximizes the…Geothermal's WACC is 11.7% . Executive Fruit's WACC is 12.3% . Now Executive Fruit is considering an investment in geothermal power production.\\na. Should it discount project cash flows at 12.3% ?\\nb. What would be a better discount rate for this investment?\\nNote: Enter your answer as a percent rounded to 1 decimal place.\\n\\\\table[[a. Should it discount project cash flows at 12.3%? ,],[b. Better discount rate,]]This question will compare two different arbitrage situations. Recall that arbitrage should equalize rates of return. We want to explore what this implies about equalizing prices. In the first situation, two assets, A and B, will each make a single guaranteed payment of $100 in 1 year. But asset A has a current price of $80 while asset B has a current price of $90.a. Which asset has the higher expected rate of return at current prices? Given their rates of return, which asset should investors be buying and which asset should they be selling?b. Assume that arbitrage continues until A and B have the same expected rate of return. When arbitrage ceases, will A and B have the same price?Next, consider another pair of assets, C and D. Asset C will make a single payment of $150 in one year while D will make a single payment of $200 in one year. Assume that the current price of C is $120 and that the current price of D is $180.c. Which asset has the higher expected rate of return at current…
- A company that manufactures clear PVC pipe is investigating two production options with the following cash flow estimates. The chief operating officer (COO) has asked you to determine if the batch option would ever have a lower annual worth than the continuous flow system using interest rates over a range of 5% to 15% for the batch option, but only 15% for the continuousflow system. The batch process can be used anywhere from 3 to 10 years. (Note: The continuous flow process was previously determined to have its lowest cost over a 5-year life cycle.)A project has a forecasted cash flow of $125 in year 1 and $136 in year 2. The interest rate is 8%, the estimated risk premium on the market is 11.25%, and the project has a beta of 0.65. If you use a constant risk-adjusted discount rate, answer the following: a. What is the PV of the project? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) Present value $ Year 1 Year 2 210.68 b. What is the certainty-equivalent cash flow in year 1 and year 2? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to 2 decimal places.) Certainty- Equivalent Cash FlowEuropean put and call options both have an exercise price of GH¢50 that expires in 120 days.The underlying asset is priced at GH¢52 and makes no cash payments during the life of theoption. The risk-free rate is 4.5%. Find the price of the call option.
- A project has a forecasted cash flow of $121 in year 1 and $132 in year 2. The interest rate is 8%, the estimated risk premium on the market is 10.25%, and the project has a beta of 0.61. If you use a constant risk-adjusted discount rate, answer the following:a. What is the PV of the project? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) b. What is the certainty-equivalent cash flow in year 1 and year 2? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to 2 decimal places.) c. What is the ratio of the certainty-equivalent cash flows to the expected cash flows in years 1 and 2? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to 2 decimal places.)You are offered an investment opportunity in which you will receive $25,000 in one year in exchange for paying $23,750 today. Suppose the risk-free interest rate is 6% per year. Should you take this project? The NPV for this project is closest to: A) Yes; NPV = $165 B) No; NPV = $165 C) Yes; NPV = -$165 D) No; NPV = -$165You are evaluating a project that costs $69,000 today. The project has an inflow of $148,000 in one year and an outflow of $59,000 in two years. What are the IRRs for the project? (A negative answer should be indicated by a minus sign. Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answers as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) What discount rate results in the maximum NPV for this project? (A negative answer should be indicated by a minus sign. Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
- Please answer all parts.The price of a European CALL option is $8.00 and a European PUT is $10.00. The expiration date is 1 year and has an exercise price k=$60.00, the share price of the underlying asset is quoted today at $60.00. The risk-free rate is 10% per year. Propose a strategy that generates arbitrage and a profit.This section asks you to calculate prices for various options. In all cases, consider a rate r = 7.97% per year. Estimate the volatility of returns using the estimator: 1 n-1 σ²≈ T-t i=0 Si+1 log. Sti 2 The term of each option will be T = 182/360 (half a year). Determine a reasonable strike K, which is at similar levels to the price series you have downloaded. An option is a derivative instrument that gives its holder the right to buy or sell an underlying asset at a pre-agreed price K at a future date T. If this right can only be exercised in time T, we say that the option is of the European type. If it can be exercised at T or at any time prior to T, then we say that the option is American. Likewise, if the option grants the right to buy, we say that the option is Call type, if it grants the right to sell then the option is Puttype. These types of options are the simplest and are known as European vanilla options. In this case, if T is the expiration date of the contract, and St is…