Fruit flies Offspring of certain fruit flies may haveyellow or ebony bodies and normal wings or short wings.Genetic theory predicts that these traits will appear in theratio 9:3:3:1 (9 yellow, normal: 3 yellow, short: 3 ebony,normal: 1 ebony, short). A researcher checks 100 suchflies and finds the distribution of the traits to be 59, 20,11, and 10, respectively.a) Are the results this researcher observed consistent withthe theoretical distribution predicted by the geneticmodel?b) If the researcher had examined 200 flies and countedexactly twice as many in each category—118, 40, 22,20—what conclusion would he have reached?c) Why is there a discrepancy between the twoconclusions?

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Estimation

A new framework of data analysis where the new statistical methods are used for interpreting the results and analyzing the data is known as estimation in statistics.