force f per unit length of the pile is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the surface a) Find internal axial force N(y) in the pile in terms of load P (Fig. a), and then plot the agram. (b) Repeat if skin friction f varies linearly with depth (see Fig. b). Skin friction f uniform (a) L f(x)=fo (1-y/L); Skin friction f varies linearly with depth fo (b)

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Measuring site work, Excavation and Piling

Bid drawings typically include very little material about the precise requirements of site work operations, measuring site work and excavation work differs from measuring most other works on a construction project. The actual site work conditions are not provided and also the dimensions of the excavations are not known during the pre-construction phase. The precise measurement of the excavation and backfill of the earth material and topsoil is important for a contractor to decide upon the total cost required for the process. All the works should be carried out under OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) standards to ensure the safety of the workers.