FOR THIS QUESTION, EXCEL *MUST* BE USED TO CALCULATE THE P-VALUE FOR CHI SQUARED! Here is allink to the Khan Academy page on dihybrid crosses and gene mapping. Here is a link to the Math Bench web page on performing chi-squared tests. There are two alleles for the arr gene, A and a. There are also two alleles for bee gene, B and b. The two genes are on a chromosome that is 1.5 micrometers in length, but it has yet to be determined if the two genes are linked. Below is data from a study to determine if the genes are linked, and if so, how far apart the genes are on the chromosome. An organism that is heterozygous for both the arr gene and the bee gene is crossed with an organism that is homozygous recessive for both genes. Using this information, it is possible to calculate the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring of the two organisms, assuming the two genes are *NOT* linked. If the genes are linked, the offspring will not exhibit th Link to Kahn Academy tutorial on linked genes 1. The arr and bee genes are independent of each other. 2. The arr and bee genes are linked. Above are the two hypotheses. Which of the two hypotheses is the null hypothesis? • Enter either 1 or 2 in the answer box The table below depicts the observed genotypic abundances of the offspring. Genotype Abundance Aa Bb 40 Aa bb 30 40 aa Bb 35 aa bb Use the predicted and observed data to perform a chi-squared test to assess if two genes arr and bee are linked. Below is a video about how to perform the calculations in Excel. ChiSquaredInExcel (05:24) 05:24 20 Feb 2018 05:04 PM Name: Duration: Added: Joseph Battistelli http://mathbench.umd.edu/modules/statistical-tests_chisquare..What is your calculated value of chi squared? chi square, dihybrid cross Added By: Description: Tags: Watch Media Report your answer to FOUR decimal places • FURTHER CALCULATIONS SHOULD BE PERFORMED IN EXCEL ON THE UNROUNDED NUMBER What is the P-value determined using the formula =(1-chisq.dist(x, df, TRUE)) in Excel, where x is the calculated value of chi squared, df is the degrees of freedom, and TRUE indicates a cumulative distribution function. • Report your answer to FOUR decimal places Using an alpha value of 0.05, do you fail to reject or reject the null hypothesis? Enter either fail to reject, or reject. If the genes are linked, use the percent of offspring that experienced crossing over to determine the distance between the two genes in micrometers. If the genes are not linked, enter n/a in the box below micrometers • Report your answer in micrometers • Report your answer to four decimal places Or enter n/a if the genes are not linked

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Addition Rule of Probability

It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.

Expected Value

When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).

Probability Distributions

Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.

Basic Probability

The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.