For the earth dam shown below, what is the purpose of the following layers: (1) Core (2) Riprap (3) Shell (4) Filter

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Principles of Seepage

In hydrology, when water flows down in a pore or crack of unsaturated soil due to gravity, the deep layer of soil is called seepage. It is the slow movement of water in the soil layer. Seepage is mainly found near hydraulic structures and is responsible for the stability of earthen-type hydraulic structures.