For the cation shown, four resonance structures are possible. Two resonance forms are given, but they are incomplete. Complete structures 1 and 2 by adding nonbonding electrons and formal charges. Complete the two remaining resonance structures according to their description, including nonbonding electrons and formal charges. Structure 1: add lone pairs and charges Structure 2: add lone pairs and charges Select Draw Rings More Erase Select Draw Rings More Erase N C H H,C o- CH, H,C o- CH, N= N - C H,C 0 - CH, H,C CH,
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
![## Resonance Structures for a Cation
For the cation shown, four resonance structures are possible. Two resonance forms are given, but they are incomplete. Your task is to complete structures 1 and 2 by adding nonbonding electrons and formal charges. Then complete the two remaining resonance structures according to their description, ensuring all nonbonding electrons and formal charges are present.
### Structure 1: Add Lone Pairs and Charges
- **Diagram Elements:**
- Central nitrogen (N) atom with a double bond to a carbon (C) atom.
- The carbon atom is bonded to two methyl groups (H₃C).
- Another carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen (O) and single-bonded to a methoxy group (OCH₃).
### Structure 2: Add Lone Pairs and Charges
- **Diagram Elements:**
- Similar to Structure 1, with slight variation in the positioning of bonds.
- It displays connectivity between the central nitrogen (N) and adjacent carbon (C) atoms with methyl (H₃C) and methoxy (OCH₃) groups attached.
### Note:
- Ensure to add necessary lone pairs on oxygen atoms.
- Assign appropriate formal charges to stabilize the resonance structures.
- Use the drawing tools provided to adjust and visualize the complete structures.
### Instructions:
1. Use the available tools to select and draw the required bonds, lone pairs, and charges.
2. Verify your structures for resonance stability.
3. Consult chemical valency rules to ensure accuracy.
This exercise aims to enhance understanding of resonance structures and their implications in molecular stability.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F35077063-9b6a-4009-a17e-345cae9148ea%2F4b2e3e83-c690-4893-88b8-ee93d170ff79%2F7kq9hf8_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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