For my homework problem I need to calculate P(M or S), the probability that X is male or smokes. I'm a little confused on where to start this problem. The image attached is a table that have the numbers we need to solve the problem.
For my homework problem I need to calculate P(M or S), the probability that X is male or smokes. I'm a little confused on where to start this problem. The image attached is a table that have the numbers we need to solve the problem.
MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications
6th Edition
ISBN:9781119256830
Author:Amos Gilat
Publisher:Amos Gilat
Chapter1: Starting With Matlab
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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For my homework problem I need to calculate P(M or S), the probability that X is male or smokes. I'm a little confused on where to start this problem. The image attached is a table that have the numbers we need to solve the problem.
![```markdown
### How to Execute the Following R Code for Statistical Analysis
To run the code snippet successfully, ensure you have the `rmarkdown` package installed. The following code is designed to perform data manipulation and cross-tabulation analysis.
```r
install.packages('rmarkdown')
# set seed replace 12345678 with your student ID
seed = 54427062
# loads in data for the full population
pop <- read.csv("HW1.csv")
set.seed(seed)
# assigns a "random" sample of 200 from the population to 'data'
data <- pop[sample(1:nrow(pop), 200, replace=FALSE),]
# produces a cross tabulation table.
crosstab <- table(data$Sex, data$Smokes)
crosstab
```
#### Explanation of the Cross Tabulation Output
The `crosstab` output displays the frequency of smoking habits categorized by sex:
```
No Yes
Female 38 39
Male 53 70
```
- **Table Interpretation:**
- 38 females do not smoke while 39 do.
- 53 males do not smoke while 70 do.
Next, we calculate and round the cell and marginal probabilities:
```r
# get and round cell and marginal means; creates cell probabilities
round(prop.table(crosstab), 3)
# Output:
No Yes
Female 0.190 0.195
Male 0.265 0.350
```
- **Cell Probabilities:**
- Probability of a female not smoking: 0.190
- Probability of a female smoking: 0.195
- Probability of a male not smoking: 0.265
- Probability of a male smoking: 0.350
Calculate row probabilities:
```r
round(prop.table(crosstab, 1), 3)
# Output:
No Yes
Female 0.494 0.506
Male 0.431 0.569
```
- **Row Probabilities:**
- Given a female, probability of not smoking: 0.494
- Given a female, probability of smoking: 0.506
- Given a male, probability of not smoking: 0.431
- Given a male, probability of smoking: 0.569
Calculate column probabilities](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fb33ecd6d-e360-4318-8879-66b06158af20%2F90c79909-6b49-4f73-a65b-ae42aabd3a93%2F7vo6pck_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:```markdown
### How to Execute the Following R Code for Statistical Analysis
To run the code snippet successfully, ensure you have the `rmarkdown` package installed. The following code is designed to perform data manipulation and cross-tabulation analysis.
```r
install.packages('rmarkdown')
# set seed replace 12345678 with your student ID
seed = 54427062
# loads in data for the full population
pop <- read.csv("HW1.csv")
set.seed(seed)
# assigns a "random" sample of 200 from the population to 'data'
data <- pop[sample(1:nrow(pop), 200, replace=FALSE),]
# produces a cross tabulation table.
crosstab <- table(data$Sex, data$Smokes)
crosstab
```
#### Explanation of the Cross Tabulation Output
The `crosstab` output displays the frequency of smoking habits categorized by sex:
```
No Yes
Female 38 39
Male 53 70
```
- **Table Interpretation:**
- 38 females do not smoke while 39 do.
- 53 males do not smoke while 70 do.
Next, we calculate and round the cell and marginal probabilities:
```r
# get and round cell and marginal means; creates cell probabilities
round(prop.table(crosstab), 3)
# Output:
No Yes
Female 0.190 0.195
Male 0.265 0.350
```
- **Cell Probabilities:**
- Probability of a female not smoking: 0.190
- Probability of a female smoking: 0.195
- Probability of a male not smoking: 0.265
- Probability of a male smoking: 0.350
Calculate row probabilities:
```r
round(prop.table(crosstab, 1), 3)
# Output:
No Yes
Female 0.494 0.506
Male 0.431 0.569
```
- **Row Probabilities:**
- Given a female, probability of not smoking: 0.494
- Given a female, probability of smoking: 0.506
- Given a male, probability of not smoking: 0.431
- Given a male, probability of smoking: 0.569
Calculate column probabilities
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