Electronic Effects
The effect of electrons that are located in the chemical bonds within the atoms of the molecule is termed an electronic effect. The electronic effect is also explained as the effect through which the reactivity of the compound in one portion is controlled by the electron repulsion or attraction producing in another portion of the molecule.
Drawing Resonance Forms
In organic chemistry, resonance may be a mental exercise that illustrates the delocalization of electrons inside molecules within the valence bond theory of octet bonding. It entails creating several Lewis structures that, when combined, reflect the molecule's entire electronic structure. One Lewis diagram cannot explain the bonding (lone pair, double bond, octet) elaborately. A hybrid describes a combination of possible resonance structures that represents the entire delocalization of electrons within the molecule.
Using Molecular Structure To Predict Equilibrium
Equilibrium does not always imply an equal presence of reactants and products. This signifies that the reaction reaches a point when reactant and product quantities remain constant as the rate of forward and backward reaction is the same. Molecular structures of various compounds can help in predicting equilibrium.
For each set, circle the most acidic compound and underline the least acidic compound.
![This image presents a series of chemical structures labeled 'a' and 'b'.
**Row 'a':**
1. The first structure shows a benzene ring with a carboxylic acid group (COOH) and a chlorine (Cl) atom attached to it.
2. The second structure features a benzene ring with a carboxylic acid group and a fluorine (F) atom attached.
3. The third structure is a benzene ring bonded to a carboxylic acid group, with no additional substituents.
4. The fourth structure depicts a benzene ring with a carboxylic acid group and a methyl group positioned ortho to each other.
5. The fifth structure involves a benzene ring with a carboxylic acid group and an iodine (I) atom.
**Row 'b':**
1. The first structure is a cyclopentane ring with a carboxylic acid group and a fluorine atom adjacent to each other.
2. The second structure shows a cyclopentane ring with a carboxylic acid group and an oxygen atom.
3. The third structure features a cyclopentane ring bonded to a carboxylic acid group, with a fluorine atom substituent.
4. The fourth structure is a cyclopentane ring with a carboxylic acid group and an oxygen atom in between.
These structures illustrate various substituted aromatic and alicyclic carboxylic acids.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F3ae67fe3-740a-4982-854d-7043421396bc%2F0460709d-9971-4a4c-b387-c6acc7132cac%2Fvm1n91b_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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