For each of the following exercises carry out the ten-step hypothesis testing procedure for the given significance level. For each exercise, as appropriate, explain why you chose a one-sided test or a two-sided test. Discuss how you think researchers and/or clinicians might use the results of your hypothesis test. What clinical and/or research decisions and/or actions do you think would be appropriate in light of the results of your test? 7.2.1 Escobar et al. (A-3) performed a study to validate a translated version of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire used with Spanish-speaking patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis. For the 76 women clas- sified with severe hip pain, the WOMAC mean function score (on a scale from 0 to 100 with a higher number indicating less function) was 70.7 with a standard deviation of 14.6. We wish to know if we may conclude that the mean function score for a population of similar women subjects with severe hip pain is less than 75. Let a .01. 7.2.2 A study by Thienprasiddhi et al. (A-4) examined a sample of 16 subjects with open-angle glaucoma and unilateral hemifield defects. The ages (years) of the subjects were: slugog dT SESF polqmsa 62 68 48 51 60 51 57 mobn 62 57 41 62 50 53 34 62 61 Source: Phamornsak Thienprasiddhi, Vivienne C. Greenstein, Candice S. Chen, Jeffrey M. Liebmann, Robert Ritch, and Donald C. Hood, "Multifocal Visual Evoked Potential Responses in Glaucoma Patients with Unilateral Hemifield Defects," American Journal of Ophthalmology, 136 (2003), 34–40. Can we conclude that the mean age of the population from which the sample may be presumed to have been drawn is less than 60 years? Let a = .05. 7.2.3 The purpose of a study by Lugliè et al. (A-5) was to investigate the oral status of a group of patients diagnosed with thalassemia major (TM). One of the outcome measures was the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT). In a sample of 18 patients the mean DMFT index value was 10.3 with a standard deviation of 7.3. Is this sufficient evidence to allow us to conclude that the mean DMFT index is greater than 9.0 in a population of similar subjects? Let a = .10. 1.2.4 A study was made of a sample of 25 records of patients seen at a chronic disease hospital on an outpatient basis. The mean number of outpatient visits per patient was 4.8, and the sample standard deviation was 2. Can it be concluded from these data that the population mean is greater than four visits per patient? Let the probability of committing a type I error be .05. What assumptions are necessary? In a sample of 49 adolescents who served as the subjects in an immunologic study, one variable of interest was the diameter of skin test reaction to an antigen. The sample mean