For Each alternative Answer the following What are the direct costs to the Health care provider? (State these costs) 2. What are the indirect costs and to whom do they accrue? (state these costs) 3. What are the intangible costs and to whom do they accrue? (state these costs)
For Each alternative Answer the following What are the direct costs to the Health care provider? (State these costs) 2. What are the indirect costs and to whom do they accrue? (state these costs) 3. What are the intangible costs and to whom do they accrue? (state these costs)
Chapter1: Making Economics Decisions
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1QTC
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![Health Economics
A Theoretical Economic Evaluation of Management of Anemia in Hemodialysis patients
Patients with chronic renal failure who are on hemodialysis suffer from profound anemia which is often
extremely debilitating. This is due to the reduction of erythropoietin and the loss of blood during
hemodialysis/ historically these patients have been managed by the use of blood transfusions. Now,
synthetic erythropoietin is available. So the alternatives are whether to give erythropoietin or blood
transfusion when the hemoglobin level of the patient is below 8g/dl.
Effectiveness data for the two alternatives available from the literature suggest that erythropoietin can
maintain hemoglobin levels above 8g/dl for 91% of the year, whereas blood transfusions maintain levels
for 76% of the year. The effectiveness measure used here is the percentage time spent with a hemoglobin
level above 8 g/dl.
Assume that the health economic evaluation is taking the perspective of the health care provider.
You have 1000 dialysis patients who would be eligible for erythropoietin
You have the following cost information for the two alternatives
Cost administration of erythropoietin
The average does is 200 units /kg subcutaneously per week in three divided doses. Using
prefilled syringes, this costs PhP 106.65 per week per patient
Occasionally patients have influenza type reactions, an increase in blood pressure or a
hypertensive crisis. The incidence and cost of managing these events are as follows
Influenza
type | Increased BP
Hypertensive crisis
reaction
Incidence (patients 1 per 10
1 per 10
1 per 500
per year)
Cost
of 1.00
600.00
management
Cost of Blood Transfusion
Patients whose anemia is managed by blood transfusion have on average two
transfusions per month. Each transfusion is typically two units of blood.
Cost of transfusion = cost of blood + cost of administration = PhP 130.00
Occasionally patients have allergic reactions, an increase in blood pressure or iron
overload. The incidence and cost of managing these events are as follows
Allergic reaction
1 per 100
Increase BP
Iron overload
Incidence
1 per 10
1 per 100
patients/year
Cost of management 400.00
400.00](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F0cb09b21-b4fb-4d33-9fcd-e1dac998ecde%2Fe94f6834-1115-4b89-ae1e-7771db1c4bea%2Fuqih0q8_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:Health Economics
A Theoretical Economic Evaluation of Management of Anemia in Hemodialysis patients
Patients with chronic renal failure who are on hemodialysis suffer from profound anemia which is often
extremely debilitating. This is due to the reduction of erythropoietin and the loss of blood during
hemodialysis/ historically these patients have been managed by the use of blood transfusions. Now,
synthetic erythropoietin is available. So the alternatives are whether to give erythropoietin or blood
transfusion when the hemoglobin level of the patient is below 8g/dl.
Effectiveness data for the two alternatives available from the literature suggest that erythropoietin can
maintain hemoglobin levels above 8g/dl for 91% of the year, whereas blood transfusions maintain levels
for 76% of the year. The effectiveness measure used here is the percentage time spent with a hemoglobin
level above 8 g/dl.
Assume that the health economic evaluation is taking the perspective of the health care provider.
You have 1000 dialysis patients who would be eligible for erythropoietin
You have the following cost information for the two alternatives
Cost administration of erythropoietin
The average does is 200 units /kg subcutaneously per week in three divided doses. Using
prefilled syringes, this costs PhP 106.65 per week per patient
Occasionally patients have influenza type reactions, an increase in blood pressure or a
hypertensive crisis. The incidence and cost of managing these events are as follows
Influenza
type | Increased BP
Hypertensive crisis
reaction
Incidence (patients 1 per 10
1 per 10
1 per 500
per year)
Cost
of 1.00
600.00
management
Cost of Blood Transfusion
Patients whose anemia is managed by blood transfusion have on average two
transfusions per month. Each transfusion is typically two units of blood.
Cost of transfusion = cost of blood + cost of administration = PhP 130.00
Occasionally patients have allergic reactions, an increase in blood pressure or iron
overload. The incidence and cost of managing these events are as follows
Allergic reaction
1 per 100
Increase BP
Iron overload
Incidence
1 per 10
1 per 100
patients/year
Cost of management 400.00
400.00
![For Each alternative Answer the following
What are the direct costs to the Health care provider? (State these costs)
2. What are the indirect costs and to whom do they accrue? (state these costs)
3. What are the intangible costs and to whom do they accrue? (state these costs)
1.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F0cb09b21-b4fb-4d33-9fcd-e1dac998ecde%2Fe94f6834-1115-4b89-ae1e-7771db1c4bea%2F3a3kl9_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:For Each alternative Answer the following
What are the direct costs to the Health care provider? (State these costs)
2. What are the indirect costs and to whom do they accrue? (state these costs)
3. What are the intangible costs and to whom do they accrue? (state these costs)
1.
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