For all odd prime numbers p, ((²¹)!)² = (−1)²+¹ mod p.

Algebra & Trigonometry with Analytic Geometry
13th Edition
ISBN:9781133382119
Author:Swokowski
Publisher:Swokowski
Chapter1: Fundamental Concepts Of Algebra
Section1.1: Real Numbers
Problem 26E
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Theorem 12.2. For all odd prime numbers p, ((²¹)!)² = (−1)²+¹ mod p.
Remark. Apply Theorem 12.1 to the expression ((²¹)!)² to see that the expression is
congruent to (p-1)!(-1). Now apply Wilson's theorem to get the result.
Transcribed Image Text:Theorem 12.2. For all odd prime numbers p, ((²¹)!)² = (−1)²+¹ mod p. Remark. Apply Theorem 12.1 to the expression ((²¹)!)² to see that the expression is congruent to (p-1)!(-1). Now apply Wilson's theorem to get the result.
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