1 Matter And Measurements 2 Atoms, Molecules, And Ions 3 Mass Relations In Chemistry; Stoichiometry 4 Reactions In Aqueous Solution 5 Gases 6 Electronic Structure And The Periodic Table 7 Covalent Bonding 8 Thermochemistry 9 Liquids And Solids 10 Solutions 11 Rate Of Reaction 12 Gaseous Chemical Equilibrium 13 Acids And Bases 14 Equilibria In Acid-base Solutions 15 Complex Ion And Precipitation Equilibria 16 Spontaneity Of Reaction 17 Electrochemistry 18 Nuclear Reactions 19 Complex Ions 20 Chemistry Of The Metals 21 Chemistry Of The Nonmetals 22 Organic Chemistry 23 Organic Polymers, Natural And Synthetic Chapter16: Spontaneity Of Reaction
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1QAP: Spontaneous Processes Which of the following processes are spontaneous? (a) building a sand castle... Problem 2QAP: Which of the following processes are spontaneous? (a) ice cream melting at 75F (b) sorting a list of... Problem 3QAP: Which of the following processes are spontaneous? (a) a ball rolling down a hill (b) a drop of ink... Problem 4QAP: Which of the following processes are spontaneous? (a) cleaning up your desk (b) building a house of... Problem 5QAP: On the basis of your experience, predict which reactions are spontaneous: (a) PbO2(s)Pb(s)+O2(g)(b)... Problem 6QAP: On the basis of your experience, predict which of the following reactions are spontaneous. (a)... Problem 7QAP: In each of the following pairs, choose the substance with a lower entropy. (a) H2O(l) at 10°C,... Problem 8QAP: In each of the following pairs, choose the substance with a lower entropy. (a) One mole of O2(g)... Problem 9QAP: Predict the sign of ΔS for the following: (a) a lake freezing (b) ice cream thawing (c) a candle... Problem 10QAP: Predict the sign of S for the following: (a) precipitating solid AgCl from a solution containing Ag+... Problem 11QAP: Predict the sign of S for each of the following reactions. (a) 2Na(s)+Cl2(g)2NaCl(s)(b)... Problem 12QAP: Predict the sign of S for each of the following reactions: (a) CCl4(l)+5O2(g)CO2(g)+4ClO2(g)(b)... Problem 13QAP: Predict the sign of S for each of the following reactions. (a) O3(g)O2(g)+O(g)(b)... Problem 14QAP: Predict the sign of S for each of the following reactions. (a) H2(g)+Ni2+(aq)2H+(aq)+Ni(s)(b)... Problem 15QAP: Predict the order of the following reactions in terms of increasing S: (a) 2H2O2(l)2H2O(l)+O2(g)(b)... Problem 16QAP: Predict the order of the following reactions in terms of increasing S: (a) N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g)(b)... Problem 17QAP: Use Table 16.1 to calculate S for each of the following reactions. (a) CO(g)+2H2(g)CH3OH(l)(b)... Problem 18QAP Problem 19QAP: Use Table 16.1 to calculate S for each of the following reactions. (a) 2Cl(aq)+I2(s)Cl2(g)+2... Problem 20QAP: Use Table 16.1 to calculate S for each of the following reactions. (a) 5NO(g)+3MnO4(aq)+4... Problem 21QAP Problem 22QAP Problem 23QAP: Calculate G at 82C for reactions in which (a) H=293kJ;S=695J/K(b) H=1137kJ;S=0.496kJ/K(c)... Problem 24QAP: Calculate G at 72C for reactions in which (a) H=136kJ;S=+475J/K(b) H=41.5kJ;S=0.288kJ/K(c)... Problem 25QAP: Calculate G at 355 K for each of the reactions in Question 17. State whether the reactions are... Problem 26QAP: Calculate G at 415 K for each of the reactions in Question 18. State whether the reactions are... Problem 27QAP: From the values for G f given in Appendix 1, calculate G at 25C for each of the reactions in... Problem 28QAP: Follow the directions of Problem 27 for each of the reactions in Question 20. Problem 29QAP: Use standard entropies and heats of formation to calculate G f at 25C for (a) cadmium(II) chloride... Problem 30QAP: Follow the directions of Question 29 for the following compounds: (a) solid ammonium nitrate (b)... Problem 31QAP: It has been proposed that wood alcohol, CH3OH, a relatively inexpensive fuel to produce, be... Problem 32QAP Problem 33QAP: Sodium carbonate, also called washing soda, can be made by heating sodium hydrogen carbonate:... Problem 34QAP: The reaction between magnesium metal and water (l) produces solid magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen... Problem 35QAP: In the laboratory, POCl3 (phosphorus oxychloride) is used in the manufacture of phosphate esters,... Problem 36QAP: Oxygen can be made in the laboratory by reacting sodium peroxide and water.... Problem 37QAP: Phosgene, COCl2, can be formed by the reaction of chloroform, CHCl3(l), with oxygen:... Problem 38QAP: When permanganate ions in aqueous solution react with cobalt metal in strong acid, the equation for... Problem 39QAP: Discuss the effect of temperature change on the spontaneity of the following reactions at 1 atm: (a)... Problem 40QAP: Discuss the effect of temperature on the spontaneity of reactions with the following values for H... Problem 41QAP: At what temperature does G become zero for each of the reactions in Problem 39? Explain the... Problem 42QAP: Over what temperature range are the reactions in Problem 40 spontaneous? Problem 43QAP: For the reaction 2Cl(aq)+Br2(l)Cl2(g)+2Br(aq)calculate the temperature at which G =0. Problem 44QAP: For the reaction SnO2(s)+2CO(g)2CO2(g)+Sn(s)calculate the temperature at which G =0. Problem 45QAP: For the decomposition of Ag2O: 2Ag2O(s)4Ag(s)+O2(g)(a) Obtain an expression for G as a function of... Problem 46QAP: Consider the following hypothetical equation A(s)+B(s)C(s)+D(s)where H =492kJ and S =327J/K. (a)... Problem 47QAP Problem 48QAP Problem 49QAP: Red phosphorus is formed by heating white phosphorus. Calculate the temperature at which the two... Problem 50QAP: Organ pipes in unheated churches develop tin disease, in which white tin is converted to gray tin.... Problem 51QAP Problem 52QAP: Pencil lead is almost pure graphite. Graphite is the stable elemental form of carbon at 25C and 1... Problem 53QAP: Given the following data for sodium Na(s): S =51.2 J/mol K Na(g): S =153.6 J/mol K H f =108.7... Problem 54QAP: Given the following data for bromine: Br2(l); S =152.2J/mol K Br2(g); S =245.4 J/mol K H f... Problem 55QAP: Show by calculation, using Appendix 1, whether dissolving lead(II) chloride PbCl2(s)Pb2+(aq)+2Cl(aq)... Problem 56QAP: Show by calculation whether the reaction HF(aq) H+(aq)+ F(aq)G=18.0kJ is spontaneous at 25C when (a)... Problem 57QAP: For the reaction 2H2O(l)+2Cl(aq)H2(g)+Cl2(g)+2OH(aq) (a) calculate G at 25C. (b) calculate G at 25C... Problem 58QAP: For the reaction 2H2O(l)+2Br(aq)H2(g)+Br2(l)+2OH(aq) (a) calculate G at 25C. (b) calculate G at 25C... Problem 59QAP: Consider the reaction 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) (a) Calculate G at 25C. (b) If the partial pressures of... Problem 60QAP: Consider the reaction AgCl(s)Ag+(aq)+Cl(aq) (a) Calculate G at 25C. (b) What should the... Problem 61QAP: Consider the reaction CO(g)+H2O(g)CO2(g)+H2(g) Use the appropriate tables to calculate (a) G at 552C... Problem 62QAP: Consider the reaction NH4+(aq) H+(aq)+NH3(aq) Use G f for NH3(aq) at 25C=26.7 kJ/mol and the... Problem 63QAP: Consider the following reaction at 25C: Cl2(g)2Cl(g)K=1.01037 (a) Calculate G for the reaction at... Problem 64QAP: Consider the reaction N2O(g)+NO2(g)3NO(g)K=4.41019 (a) Calculate G for the reaction at 25C. (b)... Problem 65QAP: For the reaction CO(g)+3H2(g)CH4(g)+H2O(g)K=2.21011 at 473 K and 4.6108 at 533 K. Calculate G at... Problem 66QAP: Consider the decomposition of N2O4 at 100C. N2O4(g)2NO2(g)K=11 (a) What is G at that temperature?... Problem 67QAP: Use the values for G f in Appendix 1 to calculate Ksp for barium sulfate at 25C. Compare with the... Problem 68QAP: Given that H f for HF(aq) is -320.1 kJ/mol and S for HF(aq) is 88.7 J/mol K, find Ka for HF at 25C. Problem 69QAP: At 25C, a 0.327 M solution of a weak acid HX has a pH of 5.12. What is G for the dissociation of the... Problem 70QAP: A 0.250 M solution of a weak base R2NH has a pH of 10.60 at 25C. What is G for the dissociation of... Problem 71QAP Problem 72QAP: Given the following standard free energies at 25°C for the following reactions:... Problem 73QAP: Natural gas, which is mostly methane, CH4, is a resource that the United States has in abundance. In... Problem 74QAP Problem 75QAP: When glucose, C6H12O11, is metabolized to CO2 and H2O in living systems, the first step is the... Problem 76QAP: Consider the following reactions at 25°C: C6H12O6(aq)+6O2(g)6CO2(g)+6H2O G=2870kJ... Problem 77QAP: At 1200 K, an equilibrium mixture of CO and CO2 gases contains 98.31 mol percent CO and some solid... Problem 78QAP Problem 79QAP Problem 80QAP Problem 81QAP Problem 82QAP: Carbon monoxide poisoning results when carbon monoxide replaces oxygen bound to hemoglobin. The... Problem 83QAP Problem 84QAP: Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. (a) An exothermic reaction is... Problem 85QAP: Which of the following quantities can be taken to be independent of temperature? independent of... Problem 86QAP: Fill in the blanks: (a) H° and G° become equal at K. (b) G° and G are equal when Q =. (c) S° for... Problem 87QAP: Fill in the blanks: (a) At equilibrium, G is. (b) For C6H6(l)C6H6(g),H is. (+,,0) (c) When a pure... Problem 88QAP Problem 89QAP: Consider the following reaction with its thermodynamic data: 2A(g)+B2(g)2AB(g)H0;S0;Gat60C=+10kJ... Problem 90QAP: Consider the graph below: (a) Describe the relationship between the spontaneity of the process and... Problem 91QAP Problem 92QAP Problem 93QAP Problem 94QAP: Hf for iodine gas is 62.4 kJ/mol, and S° is 260.7 J/mol K. Calculate the equilibrium partial... Problem 95QAP Problem 96QAP: The overall reaction that occurs when sugar is metabolized is C12H22O11(s)+12O2(g)12CO2(g)+11H2O(l)... Problem 97QAP: Hydrogen has been suggested as the fuel of the future. One way to store it is to convert it to a... Problem 98QAP: When a copper wire is exposed to air at room temperature, it becomes coated with a black oxide, CuO.... Problem 99QAP: Kafor acetic acid (HC2H3O2) at 25°C is 1.754105 . At 50°C, Kais 1.633105 . Assuming that H° and S°... Problem 100QAP: Consider the reaction 2HI(g)H2(g)+I2(g)At 500C a flask initially has all three gases, each at a... Problem 101QAP Problem 102QAP: Consider the formation of HI(g) from H2(g) and I2(g). H2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g) For this reaction, K at 333C... Problem 84QAP: Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. (a) An exothermic reaction is...
Related questions
For a chemical reaction , given ∆H∘ < 0 and ∆S∘ > 0. Which of the following statements is true?
Group of answer choices
The reaction is spontaneous only at low temperatures.
As temperature increases, ΔG∘ decreases.
None of these statements is correct.
The reaction is spontaneous only at high temperatures.
At all temperatures, ΔG∘ > 0
Definition Definition Transformation of a chemical species into another chemical species. A chemical reaction consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new ones by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
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