For 4340 steel, the fracture toughness and yield strength depend on the prior heat treatment, as shown in Figure 14.14. As yield strength is increased, the fracture toughness decreases. A pipeline is to be built of this steel and to minimize the wall thickness of the pipe, the stress in the walls should be as high as possible without either fracture or yielding. Inspection techniques ensure that there are no cracks longer than 2 mm (a = 1 mm). What level of yield strength should be specified? Assume a geometric constant of f = 1.15.

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.