Fluoride ion is poisonous in relatively low amounts: 0.2 g of F- per 70 kg of body weight can cause death. Nevertheless, in order to prevent tooth decay, F- ions are added to drinking water at a concentration of 1 mg of F- ion per L of water. How many liters of fluoridated drinking water would a 70-kg person have to consume in one day to reach this toxic level? How many kilograms of sodium fluoride would be needed to treat a 8.50×107-gal reservoir?
States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
Fluoride ion is poisonous in relatively low amounts: 0.2 g of F- per 70 kg of body weight can cause death. Nevertheless, in order to prevent tooth decay, F- ions are added to drinking water at a concentration of 1 mg of F- ion per L of water. How many liters of fluoridated drinking water would a 70-kg person have to consume in one day to reach this toxic level? How many kilograms of sodium fluoride would be needed to treat a 8.50×107-gal reservoir?
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