Find the orders of all the elements of Ag.

Advanced Engineering Mathematics
10th Edition
ISBN:9780470458365
Author:Erwin Kreyszig
Publisher:Erwin Kreyszig
Chapter2: Second-order Linear Odes
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Could you explain how to show this(6.16) in detail?

### Problem 6.16

**Objective**: Find the orders of all the elements of the alternating group \(A_8\).

**Solution Outline**:
1. Identify the structure of the alternating group \(A_8\) as the group of even permutations of the symmetric group \(S_8\).
2. Determine the cycle types in \(A_8\) and compute their orders.
3. Consider permutations as products of disjoint cycles and calculate each element's order as the least common multiple (LCM) of the cycle lengths.

**Key Concepts**:
- **Even Permutations**: Permutations that can be expressed as an even number of transpositions.
- **Cycle Decomposition**: Each permutation can be broken down into disjoint cycles.
- **Order of a Permutation**: The smallest positive integer \(m\) such that applying the permutation \(m\) times returns to the identity.

**Calculation Examples**:
- A single 8-cycle permutation (if existed in \(S_8\), but not in \(A_8\)) has the order 8.
- Products such as a 3-cycle and a 5-cycle, or a pair of 4-cycles. Their orders are determined by finding the LCM of cycle lengths due to factorization properties in permutations.

Further analysis of specific cycle decompositions in \(A_8\) ensures completeness and accurate computation of all element orders.
Transcribed Image Text:### Problem 6.16 **Objective**: Find the orders of all the elements of the alternating group \(A_8\). **Solution Outline**: 1. Identify the structure of the alternating group \(A_8\) as the group of even permutations of the symmetric group \(S_8\). 2. Determine the cycle types in \(A_8\) and compute their orders. 3. Consider permutations as products of disjoint cycles and calculate each element's order as the least common multiple (LCM) of the cycle lengths. **Key Concepts**: - **Even Permutations**: Permutations that can be expressed as an even number of transpositions. - **Cycle Decomposition**: Each permutation can be broken down into disjoint cycles. - **Order of a Permutation**: The smallest positive integer \(m\) such that applying the permutation \(m\) times returns to the identity. **Calculation Examples**: - A single 8-cycle permutation (if existed in \(S_8\), but not in \(A_8\)) has the order 8. - Products such as a 3-cycle and a 5-cycle, or a pair of 4-cycles. Their orders are determined by finding the LCM of cycle lengths due to factorization properties in permutations. Further analysis of specific cycle decompositions in \(A_8\) ensures completeness and accurate computation of all element orders.
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