Figure P1.28 shows an ammeter (AM) and voltmeter (VM) connected to measure the current and voltage, respectively, for cir- cuit element A. When current actually enters the + terminal of the ammeter the reading is positive, and when current leaves the + ter- minal the reading is negative. If the actual voltage polarity is positive at the + terminal of the VM, the reading is positive; otherwise, it is negative. (Actually, for the connection shown, the ammeter reads the sum of the cur- rent in element A and the very small current taken by the voltmeter. For purposes of this problem, assume that the current taken by the voltmeter is negligible.) Find the power for element A and state whether energy is being delivered to element A or taken from it if: a. the ammeter reading is +2 A and the voltmeter reading is -25 V; b. the ammeter reading is -2 A and the voltmeter reading is +25 V; c. the ammeter reading is -2 A and the voltmeter reading is -25 V.

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Short Transmission Line

A short transmission line is a transmission line that has a length less than 80 kilometers, an operating voltage level of less than 20 kV, and zero capacitance effect.

Power Flow Analysis

Power flow analysis is a topic in power engineering. It is the flow of electric power in a system. The power flow analysis is preliminary used for the various components of Alternating Current (AC) power, such as the voltage, current, real power, reactive power, and voltage angles under given load conditions and is often known as a load flow study or load flow analysis.

Complex Form

A power system is defined as the connection or network of the various components that convert the non-electrical energy into the electric form and supply the electric form of energy from the source to the load. The power system is an important parameter in power engineering and the electrical engineering profession. The powers in the power system are primarily categorized into two types- active power and reactive power.