Figure 2 shows a simplified model of a gas-discharge lamp. One characteristic of these lamps is that they exhibit negative resistance; in other words, as current increases the voltage drops further, making such lamps inherently unstable. As such, a current-limiting ballast is required. For the connection shown in the figure: 1. Find the equivalent Thevenin circuit of the lamp. 2. Find the ballast resistance needed to limit the current drawn from a 24-volt source to 6 amperes.

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Solar Cell

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is a device that converts light into electricity directly through a photovoltaic effect, i.e., a physical and chemical event. It is a type of electromagnetic cell, defined as being used for its electrical properties, current, voltage, or resistance, which vary when exposed to light. Everyday cellular gadgets are usually the building blocks of photovoltaic modules, collectively known as solar panels. Single junction silicon solar cell can generate an open circuit of about 0.5 to 0.6 volts.