Eyes - Respiratory tract Digestive tract - Broken skin Genitourinary tract FIGURE 19.4 Portals of Exit or Entry A portal of exit is the route by which an infectious agent leaves the host. Some pathogens can only cause disease when they enter a host through a specific portal of entry.

Q: Describe two mechanisms that bacteria use to invade via mucous membranes.

A: The membrane that lines the several body cavities is called the mucosal membrane. This membrane…

Q: What internal and external structures are useful to Neisseria Gonorrhoeae to infect it's hosts?…

A: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an obligate human pathogen that causes mucosal surface infections of male…

Q: Define the term electrocaustic measurement?

A: The ear is the central organ for hearing. It is made up of 3 parts- outer ear, middle ear and inner…

Q: Identify the amoebas generally seen as human pathogens and theportals of entry for each.

A: Micro-organisms are such small living organisms that are less than 0.1 mm, and can be seen only…

Q: Outline the general life cycle of malarial organisms. What explains the resurgence of malaria in…

A: Malaria is a disease caused by protozoan Plasmodium. It is carried by arthropod vectors from the…

Q: Mosquitos are the most common vector for malaria. How do mosquitos acquire the initial plasmodium…

A: Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium group of parasites. It is characterized by a pattern of…

Q: What prevents other bacteria from colonizing the dead insectand competing with the nematode and…

A: E.coli is a gram-negative bacteria that is a facultative anaerobe (microbes that can even survive in…

Q: There are fewer antifungal, anti protozoal, and antihelminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs…

A: The antifungal drug is a drug that is used to kill the fungus. The antiprotozoal drug is a drug that…

Q: Differentiate between true noncoliform enteric pathogens andopportunistic genera.

A: The animal digestive tract is filled with a lot of microorganisms that aid the process of absorption…

Q: Besides enterotoxin, does V. cholerae possess an endotoxin? If it does, is the toxin a significant…

A: Cholera is an infection by the bacterium Vibro cholerae, it causes fluid loss from the body in the…

Q: Name three genera of noncoliform enteric bacteria that are opportunisticpathogens.

A: Enterobacteriaceae are a group of Gram-negative bacteria. Many of these bacteria are natives in the…

Q: Describe three different ways in which exotoxins can be transported from a human pathogenic…

A: The release of toxins into the surrounding environment, regardless of when released, outcomes in the…

Q: Name the biological vector for the diseases such as Malaria, Chagas disease, and Sleeping sickness.

A: Living organisms that can spread contagious diseases between humans or from animals to humans are…

Q: What is the name of the infective stage of the malaria parasite inhumans and mosquitoes?

A: Vector-borne diseases refer to a disease that results from an infection communicated to humans and…

Q: Indicate the interemediate host of T solium and T saginata

A: The intermediate host can be defined as the type of host on which organisms grow but do not complete…

Q: What are the vectors for malaria, dengue fever, plague flea, African sleeping sickness, Chagas’…

A: INTRODUCTION - Malaria disease is  caused by a plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of…

Q: What Gram-negative organism commonly infects wounds caused by animal bites?

A: Animal bites are more often than not sources of deadly infections, They are caused due to the…

Q: Under which forms is theTrypanosoma cruzi found inits hosts?

A: T. Cruzi is a parasitic species of euglenoids. Trypanosoma bore tissue and feed on blood or lymph in…

Q: How do parasites affect the spread of malaria?

A: Malaria is a disease, caused by a particular parasite and transmitted by mosquito. It affects both…

Q: List the vectors associated with each of the common filarial worms.

A: Introduction:   Filariasis is caused by the filarial worm, Wuchereria bancrofti. It causes a disease…

Q: What are the insect vector, the natural host reservoir, and thetreatment for plague?

A: Plague is a type of infectious disease which is caused by Yersinia pestis bacterium. Generally the…

Q: Differentiate between helminthic activities taking place in the intermediate host and those…

A: Helminth are worms.

Q: Describe two piedras that infect humans.

A: The fungal infection that affects the hair shaft is called Piedra. The two types of this condition…

Q: Distinguish between intermediate hosts and definitive hosts.

A: A host is an organism which gives space for a parasite to live in its body or on its outer surface.…

Q: Identify host factors that limit or accelerate infection of amicroorganism at selected local sites.

A: Infection is defined as the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents. Their…

Q: Distinguish between intermediate hosts and defi nitive hosts.

A: A host is an organism that is infected with a parasitic or pathogenic organism or a mutual or…

Q: Which of the following statements regarding tapeworms is false?a) They absorb nutrients from the…

A: Platyhelminthes are a phylum of organisms, that are triploblastic, acoelomate and have bilateral…

Q: Name the two antibiotics obtained from actinomycetes.

A: Actinomycetes refer to the members of order Actinomycetales that belong to phylum Actinobacteria.…

Q: Name the parasite causing malaria.

A: Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. The symptoms…

Q: How many hosts does Schistosoma japonicum need to infect to complete a life cycle? Which…

A: Answer : Schistosoma japonicum need to infect to complete a life cycle in two hosts.   Namely the…

Q: other than contributing to the virulence of the organism, what other functions do capsule have?

A: The capsule has a primary function which is contributing to that of virulence factor by its anti…

Q: Name the genera of bacteria that are physiologically similar toPseudomonas and also account for a…

A: Pseudomonas is Gram-negative, rod shaped bacteria that mostly reside in soil and water. Almost all…

Q: What are some mechanisms that V. cholerae escapes from its own eradication should the disease prove…

A: *V cholerae is a comma-shaped bacteria *Cholera is an intestinal infection caused by Vibrio…

Q: How is S. enterica, the causative agent of typhoidfever, transmitted? What are the stages of…

A: Typhoid or typhoid fever is caused by bacterium Salmonella enterica. Bacteria are unicellular and…

Q: What is a drug- resistant malaria case? How is it being managed?

A: Drug resistance is the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of a drug that should kill…