Eyes - Respiratory tract Digestive tract - Broken skin Genitourinary tract FIGURE 19.4 Portals of Exit or Entry A portal of exit is the route by which an infectious agent leaves the host. Some pathogens can only cause disease when they enter a host through a specific portal of entry.

Q: Outline the general life cycle of malarial organisms. What explains the resurgence of malaria in…

A: Malaria is a disease caused by protozoan Plasmodium. It is carried by arthropod vectors from the…

Q: Identify infective stage, route of exposure, definitive host, intermediate host using a parasitic…

A: Plasmodium falciparum is a malarial parasite that involves two different hosts in its life cycle.…

Q: Mosquitos are the most common vector for malaria. How do mosquitos acquire the initial plasmodium…

A: Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium group of parasites. It is characterized by a pattern of…

Q: What prevents other bacteria from colonizing the dead insectand competing with the nematode and…

A: E.coli is a gram-negative bacteria that is a facultative anaerobe (microbes that can even survive in…

Q: Differentiate between true noncoliform enteric pathogens andopportunistic genera.

A: The animal digestive tract is filled with a lot of microorganisms that aid the process of absorption…

Q: Does Mycobacterium tuberculosis produce an exotoxin or endotoxin Discuss how this affects the host.…

A: This question is based on the mycobacterium tuberculosis and the difference between endotoxin and…

Q: Create a chart based on reservoirs modes of transmission and portals of entry. Please select 5…

A: Many infectious organisms need a reservoir, where they thrive and it is from this reservoir that…

Q: does Neisseria Gonorrhoeae form spores?

A: Some bacterial cells produce endospores that are dormant structures capable of withstanding extreme…

Q: Explain why only female mosquitoes are involved in malaria and elephantiasis.

A: Malaria is caused by the plasmodium parasite and is a mosquito-borne disease. Female Anopheles…

Q: Define 43-kDa connexin

A: Connexins are structurally associated transmembrane proteins that assemble to create gap junctions…

Q: What is the name of the infective stage of the malaria parasite inhumans and mosquitoes?

A: Vector-borne diseases refer to a disease that results from an infection communicated to humans and…

Q: Indicate the interemediate host of T solium and T saginata

A: The intermediate host can be defined as the type of host on which organisms grow but do not complete…

Q: Discuss adaptation mechanisms of parasites for disease transmission

A: Evolutionary adaption It is the adjustment of organisms to their environment in order to improve…

Q: What are the vectors for malaria, dengue fever, plague flea, African sleeping sickness, Chagas’…

A: INTRODUCTION - Malaria disease is  caused by a plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of…

Q: Plasmodium is the most deadly parasite globally. There are nearly 250 million new cases of malaria…

A: The unicellular eukaryotes of the genus Plasmodium are obligatory pathogens of insects and…

Q: What Gram-negative organism commonly infects wounds caused by animal bites?

A: Animal bites are more often than not sources of deadly infections, They are caused due to the…

Q: Under which forms is theTrypanosoma cruzi found inits hosts?

A: T. Cruzi is a parasitic species of euglenoids. Trypanosoma bore tissue and feed on blood or lymph in…

Q: How do parasites affect the spread of malaria?

A: Malaria is a disease, caused by a particular parasite and transmitted by mosquito. It affects both…

Q: List the vectors associated with each of the common filarial worms.

A: Introduction:   Filariasis is caused by the filarial worm, Wuchereria bancrofti. It causes a disease…

Q: What is the arthropod's role in disease transmission such as malaria?   Question 7 options:   a)…

A: Arthropods, especially ticks and mosquitoes, are responsible for a number of parasitic and viral…

Q: What are the insect vector, the natural host reservoir, and thetreatment for plague?

A: Plague is a type of infectious disease which is caused by Yersinia pestis bacterium. Generally the…

Q: Differentiate between helminthic activities taking place in the intermediate host and those…

A: Helminth are worms.

Q: Compare the particular type of host cell that is critical for the initial establishment of an…

A: Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with Vibrio cholerae…

Q: Distinguish between intermediate hosts and definitive hosts.

A: A host is an organism which gives space for a parasite to live in its body or on its outer surface.…

Q: Does Ascaris lumbricoidespresent an intermediate host?

A: Ascari lumbricoids   it is an intestinal roundworm (Nematode) which lives in human intestine. And…

Q: Identify host factors that limit or accelerate infection of amicroorganism at selected local sites.

A: Infection is defined as the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents. Their…

Q: Distinguish between intermediate hosts and defi nitive hosts.

A: A host is an organism that is infected with a parasitic or pathogenic organism or a mutual or…

Q: Name the two antibiotics obtained from actinomycetes.

A: Actinomycetes refer to the members of order Actinomycetales that belong to phylum Actinobacteria.…

Q: Describe the two most important public health measures that can be put in place to prevent a cholera…

A: Introduction :- The intestines become infected with the Vibrio cholerae bacteria, which results in…

Q: Resistance to antimicrobial agents is more commonly seen in hospital-acquired infections with…

A: Bacteria acquire drug resistance and spread within their population. Drug resistance in bacteria…

Q: Explain why malaria is a greater concern in some geographic areasthan in others.

A: An infectious disease that s known to cause by the mosquitoes and is able to infect humans, as well…

Q: For urinary portal of exit, do all parasites live within the kidney, ureter or bladder? Explain.

A: The urinary portal of exit is the area that connects the organs involved in urine production and…

Q: Which of the following summarizes the chronological sequence (earliest to latest) of discovery…

A: Malaria is a parasitic disease spread by mosquitoes. Humans are infected with the parasite after…

Q: Why are antibiotics not allowed in the treatment of rotaviruses?

A: Rotavirus  Rotavirus is a double stranded RNA virus belong to the family of Reoviridae. It causes…

Q: What are some organizations doing to prevent the spread of malaria?

A: The Malarial parasite, Plasmodium vivax belonging to the Genus, Plasmodium, possess a life cycle…

Q: Provide four examples of pathogenic helminthes found in the U.S.A.

A: *They belong to two major groups of animals, the flatworms or platyhelminthes (flukes and tapeworms)…

Q: Name the pathogen which causes malignant malaria.

A: There are various types of communicable diseases, malaria is one them which is transmitted from one…

Q: Describe the life cycle of Paragonimus westermani and its method of transmission to humans with…

A: