Extra problem: A digital controller is started up with the set-point at 20% and controlled variable (c) at 0%. The first 5 samples are listed below. For each sample, compute the values for error en, Pmode, Imode, Dmode and PID controller output Vn. Use Kp = 2, 1/T-0.1 s1, To=1 s and sample-time (At)=2 s. Colution: 1 12345 n Cn (%) 0.0 3.1 5.9 8.5 10.9

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Digital to Analog Converters

Digital to analog converters are commonly known as DAC, digital analog converter, D2A, or Digital-to-Analog converters. DACs are one of the important devices used in the electronics and electrical domain. DACs are the systems that convert a digital signal into an analog signal, whereas an analog to digital converter or ADC performs the opposite function. Digital signals are those signals that can represent the information or data as a set of discrete values. At a particular instant of time, a digital signal can only take a particular value of data. A digital signal is characterized by two unique values; zeros and ones, or true and false, represented by the Boolean domain. These are also known as binary signals or logic signals. Unlike digital signals, an analog signal is represented by continuous values, where at any time instant, the analog signal is represented by a real number.