Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
Explain the term bond dipole ?
Bond dipole :
The partial charges assigned to bonded atoms due to difference in distance from the bonded electron density caused by electronegativity, inductive effect and other factors. The electron density of the bond between two different atoms is pulled towards the more electronegative atom or towards the atoms which is attached with electron withdrawing group . So due to this there is a partial positive charge present on the less electronegative atom and a partial negative charge on more electronegative atom.
The partial positive charge is indicated by and partial negative charge indicated by .
The dipole bond is shown by . In which the arrow side indicated the movement of electron density towards.
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