Microscopic examination
The analysis of minute organisms, cellular organization of any biological structure, and composition of body fluids with the help of a microscope is known as microscopic examination. The magnification of specimens or samples under study helps in attaining a clearer picture of it.
Gram Staining
Named after Hans Christian Gram, a Danish bacteriologist, Gram stain is one of the most powerful staining techniques within microbiology. This technique was introduced in 1882 to identify pneumonia-causing organisms. The Gram staining technique uses crystal violet or methylene blue as primary staining colors to distinguish gram-positive from gram-negative organisms. Under a microscope, the gram-positive organisms appear purple-brown, retaining the primary color. Gram-negative organisms appear pink or red as they do not acquire the color of the primary stain.
![Procedure 2: What's Necessary for Photosynthesis
and Starch Accumulation?
Variegated means that not all of the leaf is green. The varlegated geranium leaves you will be using
have a white border that lacks the pigments found in chloroplasts. After sketching the outline of your
leaf, the foil, and the variegation, you will first remove the chlorophyll and other pigments of the leaf
by boiling it in alcohol, and then you will add iodine potassium iodide (IKI) to stain the starch stored
in a leaf.
MATERIALS
• 1 clean 250-mL beaker; 1 clean
500-mL beaker
• Variegated geranium leaf
• Alcohol solution (80% ethanol)
. Petri dish Hotplate and tongs
• IKI solution
PROCEDURE
1. Obtain two 500-ml beakers.
2. Add about 100 mL of 80% ethanol to one beaker.
3. Add about 200 mL of tap water to the other beaker.
4. Place the water beaker on your hotplate and then turn it on.
5.
Have one lab member in charge of the hotplate. The setting on the hotplate should be adjusted
so that the water in the beaker stays at a gentle boil.
6. Obtain one leaf from a variegated geranium plant at the side of the room.
7. Sketch a simple outline of the leaf below.
Ivars Cell Energy: Photosynthesis and Respiration 29](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F68d09ee8-6079-41b9-ade7-ae4487644d08%2F621985b6-8ad7-489d-8c52-ea5e67730ca5%2F1lmefg_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
![8. Once the beaker with water starts boiling, put the beaker with ethanol on the hotplate.
9. Immerse the leaf in boiling water for 10-15 seconds to break down the plasma membranes of
the cells, and then transfer the leaf to the beaker of ethanol that has been brought to a boil.
10. Place the leaf in boiling alcohol for about 5 minutes, until the leaf looks white. Note which
pigments (colors) are removed in the hot alcohol.
11.
After the leaf has been bleached of its colored pigments, place it in a Petri dish, rinse with tap
water, and immerse it with iodine solution. Sketch the leaf as it appears below.
12. Clean up. Make sure to remove all grease pencil marks and rinse out all glassware. The leaves
can be thrown away but keep the foil and paperclips.
QUESTION
Explain the correlation between the original green area and the area stained by the iodine.
30
Cell Energy: Photosynthesis and Respiration erries](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F68d09ee8-6079-41b9-ade7-ae4487644d08%2F621985b6-8ad7-489d-8c52-ea5e67730ca5%2F4pvn26w_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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