Explain the conditions for total internal reflection. (A) The conditions for total internal reflection are the the light is travelling from an optically denser medium (higher refractive index) to an optically less dense medium (lower refractive index) and that the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. (B) The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the critical angle for that pair of media. The ray of light must travel from a denser medium into a rarer medium. (C) The change in direction of a wave at a boundary between two different media, so that the wave moves back into the medium it came from. (D) This phenomenon is known as refraction. Snell's Law states that the ratio of the angles of incidence and refraction is equal to the inverse ratio of the indices of refraction.

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Fluid Pressure

The term fluid pressure is coined as, the measurement of the force per unit area of a given surface of a closed container. It is a branch of physics that helps to study the properties of fluid under various conditions of force.

Gauge Pressure

Pressure is the physical force acting per unit area on a body; the applied force is perpendicular to the surface of the object per unit area. The air around us at sea level exerts a pressure (atmospheric pressure) of about 14.7 psi but this doesn’t seem to bother anyone as the bodily fluids are constantly pushing outwards with the same force but if one swims down into the ocean a few feet below the surface one can notice the difference, there is increased pressure on the eardrum, this is due to an increase in hydrostatic pressure.