Explain Posttranslational modification of proteins?

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)
9th Edition
ISBN:9781285866932
Author:Lauralee Sherwood
Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood
Chapter2: Cell Physiology
Section2.3: Endoplasmic Reticulum And Segregated Synthesis
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Explain Posttranslational modification of proteins?

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DNA encodes the genetic information, this information through Central Dogma passed on from DNA to protein (Protein synthesis) which in turn regulates the cells through various metabolic processes. Protein synthesis initiates from the transcription process. Transcription is the process through which messenger RNA (mRNA) is transcribed from the gene of interest (DNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. The mRNA contains the introns (non-coding region) and exons (the coding region which determines the sequence of amino acids). The introns are removed through splicing. The second step of protein synthesis is translation through which spliced mRNA is used for the synthesis of protein and the subsequent post-translational processing of the protein molecule.

The post-translational modification brings about the 3D structure of the protein which is encoded in their DNA. Post translation, protein is modified to move forward them towards maturation and gives its final shape. Post translation modification includes folding, glycosylation, proteolytic cleaving, multimeric protein formation, protein maturation, and finally activation in the Endoplasmic reticulum and transferred to Golgi body and secreted out through exocytosis.

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