Chemistry 10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
1 Chemical Foundations 2 Atoms, Molecules, And Ions 3 Stoichiometry 4 Types Of Chemical Reactions And Solution Stoichiometry 5 Gases 6 Thermochemistry 7 Atomic Structure And Periodicity 8 Bonding: General Concepts 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 10 Liquids And Solids 11 Properties Of Solutions 12 Chemical Kinetics 13 Chemical Equilibrium 14 Acids And Bases 15 Acid-base Equilibria 16 Solubility And Complex Ion Equilibria 17 Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy 18 Electrochemistry 19 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View 20 The Representative Elements 21 Transition Metals And Coordination Chemistry 22 Organic And Biological Molecules Chapter13: Chemical Equilibrium
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Characterize a system at chemical equilibrium with respect to each of the following a. the rates of... Problem 2RQ: What is the law of mass action? Is it true that the value of K depends on the amounts of reactants... Problem 3RQ: Consider the following reactions at some temperature: 2NOCl(g)2NO(g)+Cl2(g)K=1.6105... Problem 4RQ: What is the difference between K and Kp? When doc K = Kp for a reaction? When does K Kp for a... Problem 5RQ: What are homogeneous equilibria? Heterogeneous equilibria? What is the difference in writing K... Problem 6RQ: Distinguish between the terms equilibrium constant and reaction quotient. When Q = K, what does this... Problem 7RQ: Summarize the steps for solving equilibrium problems (see the beginning of Section 12-6). In... Problem 8RQ: A common type of reaction we will study is that having a very small K value (K 1). Solving for... Problem 9RQ: What is Le Chteliers principle? Consider the reaction 2NOCI(g)2NO(g)+Cl2(g) If this reaction is at... Problem 10RQ: The only stress (change) that also changes the value of K is a change in temperature. For an... Problem 1ALQ: Consider an equilibrium mixture of four chemicals (A, B, C, and D, all gases) reacting in a closed... Problem 2ALQ: The boxes shown below represent a set of initial conditions for the reaction: Draw a quantitative... Problem 3ALQ: For the reactionH2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g), consider two possibilities: (a) you mix 0.5 mole of each... Problem 4ALQ: Given the reactionA(g)+B(g)C(g)+D(g), consider the following situations: i. You have 1.3 M A and 0.8... Problem 5ALQ: Consider the reaction A(g)+2B(g)C(g)+D(g) in a 1.0-L rigid flask. Answer the following questions for... Problem 6ALQ: Consider the reactionA(g)+B(g)C(g)+D(g). A friend asks the following: I know we have been told that... Problem 7ALQ: Consider the following statements: Consider the reaction A(g)+B(g)C(g),for which at equilibrium [A]... Problem 8ALQ: Le Chteliers principle is stated (Section 12-7) as follows: If a change is imposed on a system at... Problem 9ALQ: The value of the equilibrium constant K depends on which of the following (more than one answer may... Problem 10ALQ: In Section 13.1 of your text, it is mentioned that equilibrium is reached in a closed system. What... Problem 11ALQ: Explain why the development of a vapor pressure above a liquid in a closed container represents an... Problem 12Q: Consider an initial mixture of N2 and H2 gases that can be represented as follows: The gases react... Problem 13Q: Consider the following reaction: H2O(g)+CO(g)H2(g)+CO2(g) Amounts of H2O, CO, H2, and CO2 are put... Problem 14Q: Consider the same reaction as in Question 11. In one experiment 1.0 mole of H2O(g) and 1.0 mole of... Problem 15Q: Suppose a reaction has the equilibrium constant K = 1.3 108. What does the magnitude of this... Problem 16Q: Suppose a reaction has the equilibrium constant K = 1.7 108 at a particular temperature. Will there... Problem 17Q: Consider the following reaction at some temperature: H2O(g)+CO(g)H2(g)+CO2(g)K=2.0 Some molecules of... Problem 18Q: Consider the following generic reaction: 2A2B(g)2A2(g)+B2(g) Some molecules of A2B are placed in a... Problem 19Q: Explain the difference between K, Kp, and Q. Problem 20Q: Consider the following reactions: H2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g)andH2(g)+I2(s)2HI(g) List two property... Problem 21Q: For a typical equilibrium problem, the value of K and the initial reaction conditions are given for... Problem 22Q: Which of the following statements is(are) true? Correct the false statement(s). a. When a reactant... Problem 23Q: Consider the reaction 2N2O(g) + O2(g) 4NO(g) Suppose the system is at equilibrium, and then an... Problem 24Q: The reaction to prepare methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen CO(g)+H2(g)CH3OH(g) is... Problem 25E: Write the equilibrium expression (K) for each of the following gas-phase reactions. a.... Problem 26E: Write the equilibrium expression (Kp) for each reaction in Exercise 21. Problem 27E: At a given temperature, K = 1.3 102 for the reaction N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g) Calculate values of K for... Problem 28E: For the reaction H2(g)+Br2(g)2HBr(g) Kp = 3.5 104 at 1495 K. What is the value of Kp for the... Problem 29E: For the reaction 2NO(g)+2H2(g)N2(g)+2H2O(g) it is determined that, at equilibrium at a particular... Problem 30E: At high temperatures, elemental nitrogen and oxygen react with each other to form nitrogen monoxide:... Problem 31E: At a particular temperature, a 3.0-L flask contains 2.4 moles of Cl2, l.0 mole of NOCI, and 4.5 103... Problem 32E: At a particular temperature a 2.00-L flask at equilibrium contains 2.80 104 mole of N2, 2.50 105... Problem 33E: The following equilibrium pressures at a certain temperature were observed for the reaction... Problem 34E: The following equilibrium pressures were observed at a certain temperature for the reaction... Problem 35E: At 327c, the equilibrium concentrations are [CH3OH] = 0.15 M, [CO] = 0.24 M, and [H2] = 1.1 M for... Problem 36E: At 1100 K, Kp = 0.25 for the reaction 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) What is the value of K at this... Problem 37E: Write expressions for K and Kp for the following reactions. a. 2NH3(g)+CO2(g)N2CH4O(s)+H2O(g) b.... Problem 38E: Write expressions for Kp for the following reactions. a. 2Fe(S)+32O2(g)Fe2O3(S) b.... Problem 39E: For which reactions in Exercise 33 is Kp equal to K Problem 40E: For which reactions in Exercise 34 is Kp equal to K? Problem 41E: The formation of glucose from water and carbon dioxide is an extremely important reaction for life... Problem 42E: Consider the following reaction at a certain temperature: 4Fe(s)+3O2(g)2Fe2O3(s) An equilibrium... Problem 43E: In a study of the reaction 3Fe(s)+4H2O(g)Fe3O4(s)+4H2(g) at 1200 K it was observed that when the... Problem 44E: Consider the following reaction at 725C: C(s)+ CO2(g) 2CO(g) At equilibrium, a 4.50-L container has... Problem 45E: The equilibrium constant is 0.0900 at 25C for the reaction H2O(g)+Cl2O(g)2HOCl(g) For which of the... Problem 48E: Ethyl acetate is synthesized in a nonreacting solvent (not water) according to the following... Problem 49E: For the reaction 2H2O(g)2H2(g)+O2(g) K = 2.4 103 at a given temperature. At equilibrium in a 2.0-L... Problem 50E: The reaction 2NO(g)+Br2(g)2NOBr(g) has Kp = 109 at 25C. If the equilibrium partial pressure of Br2... Problem 51E: A 1.00-L flask was filled with 2.00 moles of gaseous SO2 and 2.00 moles of gaseous NO2 and heated.... Problem 52E: A sample of S8(g) is placed in an otherwise empty rigid container at 1325 K at an initial pressure... Problem 53E: At a particular temperature, 12.0 moles of SO3 is placed into a 3.0-L rigid container, and the SO3... Problem 54E: At a particular temperature, 8.0 moles of NO2 is placed into a 1.0-L container and the NO2... Problem 55E: An initial mixture of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas is reacted in a rigid container at a certain... Problem 56E: Nitrogen gas (N2) reacts with hydrogen gas (H2) to form ammonia (NH3). At 200C in a closed... Problem 57E: At a particular temperature, K = 3.75 for the reaction SO2(g)+NO2(g)SO3(g)+NO(g) If all four gases... Problem 59E: At 2200C, Kp = 0.050 for the reaction N2(g)+O2(g)2NO(g) What is the partial pressure of NO in... Problem 60E: At 25c, K = 0.090 for the reaction H2O(g)+Cl2O(g)2HOCI(g) Calculate the concentrations of all... Problem 61E: At 1100 K, KP = 0.25 for the reaction 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) Calculate the equilibrium partial... Problem 62E: At a particular temperature, Kp = 0.25 for the reaction N2O4(g)2NO2(g) a. A flask containing only... Problem 63E: At 35C, K = 1.6 105 for the reaction 2NOCl(g)2NO(g)+Cl2(g) Calculate the concentrations of all... Problem 64E: At o particular temperature, K = 4 .0 107 for the reaction N2O4(g)2NO2(g) In an experiment, 1.0... Problem 65E: At a particular temperature, K = 2.0 106 for the reaction 2CO22CO(g)+O2(g) If 2.0 moles of CO2 is... Problem 66E: Lexan is a plastic used to make compact discs, eyeglass lenses, and bulletproof glass. One of the... Problem 67E: At 25C, Kp. = 2.9 103 for the reaction NH4OCONH2(s)2NH3(g)+CO2(g) In an experiment carried out at... Problem 68E: A sample of solid ammonium chloride was placed in an evacuated container and then heated so that it... Problem 71E: Suppose the reaction system UO2(s)+4HF(g)UF4(g)+2H2O(g) has already reached equilibrium. Predict the... Problem 72E: Solid NH4HS decomposes by the following endothermic process: NH4HS(s) NH3(g) + H2S(g) a. What... Problem 73E: For the following reactions, predict whether the mole fraction of the reactants or products... Problem 74E: Predict the shift in the equilibrium position that will occur for each of the following reactions... Problem 75E: An important reaction in the commercial production of hydrogen is CO(g)+H2O(g)H2(g)+CO2(g) How will... Problem 76E: What will happen to the number of moles of SO3 in equilibrium with SO2 and O2 in the reaction... Problem 77E: In which direction will the position of the equilibrium 2HI(g)H2(g)+I2(g) be shifted for each of the... Problem 78E: Hydrogen for use in ammonia production is produced by the reaction... Problem 79E: Old-fashioned smelling salts consist of ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3. The reaction for the... Problem 80E: Ammonia is produced by the Haber process, in which nitrogen and hydrogen are reacted directly using... Problem 81AE Problem 82AE: Given the following equilibrium constants at 427C,... Problem 83AE: Consider the decomposition of the compound C5H6O3 as follows: C5H6O3(g)C2H6(g)+3CO(g) When a 5.63-g... Problem 84AE: At 25C. Kp 1 1031 for the reaction a. Calculate the concentration of NO, in molecules/cm3, that can... Problem 85AE: The gas arsine, AsH3, decomposes as follows: 2AsH3(g)2As(s)+3H2(g) In an experiment at a certain... Problem 86AE: At a certain temperature, K = 9.1 10-4 for the reaction FeSCN2+(aq)Fe3+(aq)+SCN(aq) Calculate the... Problem 87AE: At a certain temperature, K = 1.1 l03 for the reaction Fe3+(aq)+SCN(aq)FeSCN2+(aq) Calculate the... Problem 88AE: For the reaction PCl5(g)PCl3(g)+Cl2(g) at 600. K, the equilibrium constant, Kp, is 11.5. Suppose... Problem 89AE: At 25C, gaseous SO2Cl2 decomposes to SO2(g) and Cl2(g) to the extent that 12.5% of the original... Problem 90AE: For the following reaction at a certain temperature H2(g)+F2(g)2HF(g) it is found that the... Problem 91AE: Novelty devices for predicting rain contain cobalt(II) chloride and are based on the following... Problem 92AE: Consider the reaction Fe3+(aq)+SCN(aq)FeSCN2+(aq) How will the equilibrium position shift if a.... Problem 93AE: Chromium(VI) forms two different oxyanions, the orange dichromate ion, Cr2O72 , and the yellow... Problem 94AE Problem 95AE: Suppose K = 4.5 103 at a certain temperature for the reaction PCl5(g)PCl3(g)+Cl2(g) If it is found... Problem 96AE: For the reaction below, Kp = 1.16 at 800C. CaCO3(s)CaO(s)+CO2(g) If a 20.0-g sample of CaCO3 is put... Problem 97AE: Many sugars undergo a process called mutarotation, in which the sugar molecules interconvert between... Problem 98AE: Peptide decomposition is one of the key processes of digestion, where a peptide bond is broken into... Problem 99AE: Methanol, a common laboratory solvent, poses a threat of blindness or death if consumed in... Problem 100AE: At a particular temperature, K = 1.00 102 for the reaction H2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g) In an experiment, 1.00... Problem 102CWP: An equilibrium mixture contains 0.60 g solid carbon and the gases carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide... Problem 103CWP: At a particular temperature, 8.1 moles of NO2 gas is placed in n 3.0-L container. Over time the NO2... Problem 104CWP: A sample of solid ammonium chloride was placed in an evacuated chamber and then heated, causing it... Problem 105CWP: In a given experiment, 5.2 moles of pure NOCl was placed in an otherwise empty 2.0-L container.... Problem 106CWP: For the reactionN2O4(g)2NO2(g),Kp=0.25 at a certain temperature. If 0.040 atm of N2O4 is reacted... Problem 107CWP: Consider the following exothermic reaction at equilibrium: N2(g)+2H2(g)2NH3(g) Predict how the... Problem 108CWP: For the following endothermic reaction at equilibrium: 2SO3(g)2SO2(g)+O2(g) which of the following... Problem 109CP: A 1.604-g sample of methane (CH4) gas and 6.400 g oxygen gas are scaled into a 2.50-L vessel at 411C... Problem 110CP: A 4.72-g sample of methanol (CH3OH) was placed in an otherwise empty 1.00-L flask and heated to... Problem 111CP: At 35C, K = 1.6 105 for the reaction 2NOCl(g)2NO(g)+Cl2(g) If 2.0 moles of NO and 1.0 mole of Cl2... Problem 112CP: Nitric oxide and bromine at initial partial pressures of 98.4 and 41.3 torr, respectively, were... Problem 113CP: At 25C. Kp = 5.3 105 for the reaction N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g) When a certain partial pressure of NH3(g)... Problem 114CP: Consider the reaction P4(g)2P2(g) where Kp = 1.00 101 at 1325 K. In an experiment where P4(g) is... Problem 115CP: The partial pressures of an equilibrium mixture of N2O4(g) and NO2(g) are PN2O4=0.34 atm and... Problem 116CP: At 125C, KP = 0.25 for the reaction 2NaHCO3(s)Na2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(g) A 1.00-L flask containing 10.0... Problem 117CP: A mixture of N2, H2, and NH3 is at equilibrium [according to the equationN2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g)] as... Problem 118CP: Consider the decomposition equilibrium for dinitrogen pentoxide: 2N2O5(g)4NO2(g)+O2(g) At a certain... Problem 119CP: An 8.00-g sample of SO3 was placed in an evacuated container, where it decomposed at 600C according... Problem 120CP: A sample of iron(II) sulfate was heated in an evacuated container to 920 K, where the following... Problem 121CP Problem 122CP: A sample of N2O4(g) is placed in an empty cylinder at 25c. After equilibrium is reached the total... Problem 123CP: A sample of gaseous nitrosyl bromide (NOBr) was placed in a container tiued with a frictionless,... Problem 124CP: The equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction CCl4(g)C(s)+2Cl2(g) at 700C is 0.76. Determine the... Problem 125IP: For the reaction NH3(g)+H2S(g)NH4HS(s) K = 400. at 35.0C. If 2.00 moles each of NH3, H2S, and NH4HS... Problem 126IP: Given K = 3.50 at 45C for the reaction A(g)+B(g)C(g) and K = 7.10 at 45C for the reaction... Problem 127IP: In a solution with carbon tetrachloride as the solvent, the compound VCl4. undergoes dimerization:... Problem 128IP: The hydrocarbon naphthalene was frequently used in mothballs until recently, when it was discovered... Problem 129MP: A gaseous material XY(g) dissociates to some extent to produce X(g) and Y(g): XY(g)X(g)+Y(g) A... Problem 20Q: Consider the following reactions: H2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g)andH2(g)+I2(s)2HI(g) List two property...
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Explain how the change in free energy determines the directionchemical reactions eventually
Definition Definition Transformation of a chemical species into another chemical species. A chemical reaction consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new ones by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
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