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Explain briefly the significance of the first law of Newton.

University Physics Volume 1

18th Edition

ISBN:9781938168277

Author:William Moebs, Samuel J. Ling, Jeff Sanny

Publisher:William Moebs, Samuel J. Ling, Jeff Sanny

Chapter13: Gravitation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 8CQ: Are Kepler’s laws purely descriptive, or do they contain causal information?

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Special Relativity

The theory of special relativity discusses how space and time are related to objects traveling along a straight line at a constant speed. Simply stated, as an object reaches the speed of light, its mass becomes infinite and it is unable to move faster than light. This interstellar speed limit has been the topic of much debate in astronomy, and also in science fiction when people consider how to fly over large distances.

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What is the concept of the first newton law? and can you give an example.
Newton showed that the periods and distances in Kepler’s third law depend on the masses of the objects. What would be the period of revolution of the Earth (still at 1 AU from the Sun) if the Sun had twice its present mass? What would be the period of revolution of the Earth (still at 1 AU from the Sun) if the Earth had twice its present mass? Give your answers in years.
Are Kepler’s laws purely descriptive, or do they contain causal information?
According to Keplers first law, planets move in elliptical orbits. Why is that considered accelerated motion? According to Newton, what is the force causing that acceleration?
List the fundamental hypotheses of the Newtonian theory of universal gravitation and the experimental consequences. Which of the hypotheses is not directly confirmable by experiment (although its consequences are)?
You may have an image of Sir Isaac Newton sitting under a tree and after being hit on the head by an apple he suddenly "discovered" the Law of Universal Gravitation. In fact, the theory was a result of years’ worth of research, which in turn was based on centuries of accumulated knowledge. He is credited with determining that the following relationship is universal. The gravitational attraction between two objects varies jointly with their masses (m1 and m2) and inversely with the square of the distance (d) between them. By what percent does the force of gravitational attraction change if one mass is increased by 20%, the other mass decreased by 20%, and the separation is reduced by 25%?
Calculate the mass in kilograms of a 4.86 kg object when its velocity, relative to us, is each of the following values. (Notice the progression of these numbers toward the velocity of light, 3.00 × 108 m s-1.) 1.velocity = 3.11 × 107 m s-1 m=__kg? 2.velocity = 2.65 × 108 m s-1 m=__kg? 3. velocity = 2.95 × 108 m s-1 m=__kg?
Kepler’s Law relates the period T ( in a sec) of a satellite to the distance from the center of the earth r (in m) to some physical constants as shown: T2 = (2π/ G ME) r3 Where G = Universal Constant of Gravitation and ME is the mass of the earth. A stationary satellite is one that circles the earth in a circular orbit but stays exactly above the same spot on the earth. Calculate the distance above the earth in m for this “geo-synchronous satellite” to orbit, then convert that height to miles.
Question 3: Define the Newton laws and please give detailed examples to define the Newton Laws.
Let's say we were to measure the force of gravity between two objects. Next we increase the mass of one of the objects by a factor of 6 (aka it is 6 times more massive) and decrease the mass of the other by a factor of 2 (aka it is 1/2 the original mass). How does the force of gravity in this new case compare to the original case? (aka how many times larger (value greater than 1) or smaller (value smaller than 1) is the force of gravity in the new case?
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Considering Newton’s model of gravity, which of the following statements concerning the “constants” G and g is true? a) Neither g nor G depend on location. (They are both “universal” constants.) b) Both g and G depend on location. (They are “constants” but location‐dependent constants.) c) The value of G is believed to be the same anywhere in the universe. d) The value of g and G turn out to be equal (to each other) at the surface of a planet.