Experimental Design, Variables, and Scales of Measurement 1. The risk of skin cancer notwithstanding, many Caucasians are convinced that having a tan will make them more attractive to others. Banerjee, Campo, and Greene (2008) asked 135 men and 226 women to rate the attractiveness of a female Caucasian model whose image had been digitally altered to have a light, a medium, or a dark tan. All participants were of college age (19 to 25) from a variety of racial and ethnic backgrounds (64% Caucasian, 16% Asian/Pacific Islander, 5% Hispanic/Latino, 3% Bi- or Multiracial, 2% African American, and 2% Other). All participants rated attractiveness on a scale from 0 (very unattractive) to 100 (very attractive). The findings: Male participants in the study rated the model with the darkest tan as more attractive than the same model shown with a light or medium tan. The attractiveness ratings of female participants were not affected by the depth/darkness of the tan shown in the photograph. Think about this study, and answer the following questions: There are two independent variables in this study. One is the sex of the person judging the photograph. What is the other IV? How many levels did the second IV have? а.
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
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