What is the mean score on “Athletic competence” for Caucasians?
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Exercise 50 Race/Ethnicity and Self-Esteem: One-Way ANOVA with Post Hoc Tests
Table 1
Means and Standard Deviations for Self-Esteem
Race/ethnicity
Caucasian
African American
Hispanic/Latino/Latina
F-Value
Social acceptance
3.15 (.76)
3.23 (.67)
2.98 (.71)
3.13 (.74)
3.44 (.55)
3.36 (.62)
3.38 (.51)
3.25 (.60)
3.20 (.66)
Adolescents
1.17
1.21
2.81
Mothers
Fathers
Physical appearance
2.82 (.85)
2.49 (.84)
2.79 (.51)ª
3.06 (.77)
2.82 (.84),
3.14 (.82)b
2.92 (.75)
2.70 (.70)
3.13 (.65)
Adolescents
0.81
Mothers
1.56
Fathers
3.16*
Athletic competence
Adolescents
Mothers
2.79 (.87)
2.04 (.79)*
2.79 (.58)
2.96 (.80)
2.49 (.78)
2.90 (.68)
3.18 (.66)
2.07 (.64)*
2.88 (.75)
1.96
3.95*
Fathers
0.27
Global self-worth
3.34 (.60)
3.17 (.76)
2.96 (.62)
3.35 (.66)
3.32 (.67)
3.33 (.72)
3.25 (.65)
3.24 (.71)
3.38 (.53)
Adolescents
0.23
0.39
4.59*
Mothers
Fathers
Note. Standard deviations are in parentheses. Different superscripts signify significant mean differences.
*p<.05.
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Exercise 50 Race/Ethnicity and Self-Esteem
One-Way ANOVA with Post Hoc Tests
Statistical Guide
To review the one-way ANOVA, see the statistical guide for Exercise 49. Note that a one-
way ANOVA indicates only if a set of differences is statistically significant. For instance, if an
ANOVA indicates that the set of mean differences among Groups A, B, and C is significant, it does
not indicate which of the following pairs are significant: (1) A versus B, (2) A versus C, and (3) B
versus C. In other words, the significant ANOVA indicates only that one or more of these pairs is
significant. To pinpoint which pairs(s) are significant, post học tests (also known as multiple-
comparisons tests) are used. There are several post hoc tests, one of which, known as Duncan's test,
is reported below. Note that post hoc tests are run only to compare pairs of means in a set that has
first been identified as statistically significant with an ANOVA.
Background Notes
A one-way ANOVA was run for each row in the table in the excerpt. For each, a value of F
is shown. Duncan's test was also run for each row. In a given row, entries with superscript (*) have
significantly different means from entries with superscript (°). Note that as a general rule if there is
no indication that a difference (or a set of differences) is significant, the reader should assume that it
is not significant.
Excerpt from the Research Article'
As part of a larger study of family functioning, a total of 104 families (adolescents, mothers,
and fathers) participated in this study. All participating families in the current study included an ado-
lescent, the mother, and the father. Adolescents were required to have at least monthly face-to-face
contact with their biological mother and their biological father for inclusion....
Participants completed the age-appropriate version of the Harter Self-Perception Profiles,
which conceptualize self-esteem as perceived competence in multiple domains. The social accep-
tance domain assesses participants' perceptions of feeling accepted by peers, feeling popular, and
feeling comfortable around others. The physical appearance domain assesses participants' self-
perceptions of their attractiveness and their satisfaction with their appearance. The athletic compe-
tence domain assesses participants' feelings of their competence in sports and other physical activi-
ties. The global self-worth subscale assesses participants' feelings about themselves overall (i.e., not
tied to any specific domain...).
In order to test for the racial/ethnic group differences..., a series of ANOVAS was completed
for each informant (adolescents, mothers, and fathers). Significant ANOVAS were followed up by
post hoc Duncan's tests.
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Definition Definition Measure of central tendency that is the average of a given data set. The mean value is evaluated as the quotient of the sum of all observations by the sample size. The mean, in contrast to a median, is affected by extreme values. Very large or very small values can distract the mean from the center of the data. Arithmetic mean: The most common type of mean is the arithmetic mean. It is evaluated using the formula: μ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i Other types of means are the geometric mean, logarithmic mean, and harmonic mean. Geometric mean: The nth root of the product of n observations from a data set is defined as the geometric mean of the set: G = x 1 x 2 ... x n n Logarithmic mean: The difference of the natural logarithms of the two numbers, divided by the difference between the numbers is the logarithmic mean of the two numbers. The logarithmic mean is used particularly in heat transfer and mass transfer. ln x 2 − ln x 1 x 2 − x 1 Harmonic mean: The inverse of the arithmetic mean of the inverses of all the numbers in a data set is the harmonic mean of the data. 1 1 x 1 + 1 x 2 + ...
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