**Algorithm Exercise: Memory Comparison and Counter Increment**This educational exercise involves executing a series of instructions manually, analyzing the final contents of two specific locations: “ACCA, X” and “SC190.”---**Algorithm Description:**The goal is to compare contents sequentially and increment a counter located at the “CTR” position whenever a specific value is encountered. Below is a breakdown of the tasks.**Memory Configuration:**- C160: 44- C161: 2E- C162: 44- C163: --- C164: 44- C165: 12- C166: 44- C167: 3B- C168: 44- C169: 8A- C16A: 44---**Program Instructions:**1. **Initialize Variables:** - `START` is assigned to location C160. - `END` is assigned to location C165. - `CTR` is assigned to location C190.2. **Program Execution:** - **CLR CTR:** Clear the counter at the CTR position to begin counting from zero. - **LDX #START:** Load the starting address into the index register. - **AGN:** - **LDAA 0,X:** Load the accumulator with the content of the current memory location. - **CMPA #44:** Compare the accumulator with the value 44. - **BNE SKIP:** If not equal, branch to SKIP. - **INC CTR:** If equal, increment the counter. - **SKIP:** - **INX:** Increment the index to point to the next memory location. - **CPX #END:** Compare the index with the end address. - **BNE AGN:** If they’re not equal, go back to AGN and repeat. - **SWI:** Software interrupt to stop execution when the block is scanned.**Note:** Comments are provided next to instructions indicating their purpose or condition.This exercise illustrates key concepts in memory manipulation and control flow using basic programming constructs. **Transcription for Educational Website:**---The image contains a section of code and diagrams, useful for understanding memory storage and program logic flow in assembly language.**Code Segment:**1. **C164 44**2. **C190 3F****Assembly Instructions:**- `CPX #END` - `BNE AGIN`- `SWI` - `END`Comments indicate:- Check end of program.- If no, try again.- If yes, stop.**Diagrams Explained:**1. **Memory Boxes:** - Two rectangular boxes are labeled sequentially. - **Top Box:** - Label: **X** - Split into two equal parts, possibly representing two variables or memory slots. - **Bottom Box:** - Label: **A** - A single, undivided rectangle for one variable or memory slot.**Notes:**- A crucial line mentions: "Notice that we had to clear location $C190 (counter) at the beginning," emphasizing an important step in the memory initialization or program execution.This setup helps students grasp the interaction between memory addresses, conditional branching, and program control signals in assembly language.--- Such explanations are key for learners to understand how low-level programming manages data and execution flow within a system.

Execute the following instructions by band, then find the final contents of ACCA, X, and the contents of location $C190 Algorithm Description The idea here is to compare the contents each time with the ei (94H)Hand then add i to žhe cousier (CTR) location. Here is the prorAL: Memory: CI60 44 CI6 2F C162 44 CI63 CI64 44 end count.aan SPART EQU $ciso END EQU $Ci65 CTR - EQU $C190 ORG $CO00 C165L12 CI66 44 C167 3B C168 44 CI69 &A CLR CTR LDX #START ¡point to the : AGN LDAA 0,X CHPA #Ş44 ;element fcuna zno, branch ¡yes, incremen BNE SKIP INC ČTR SKIP once INX CPX #END BNE AGN SWI zená of block Fno, try again ;yes, stop

Execute the following instructions by band, then find the final contents of ACCA, X, and the contents of location $C190 Algorithm Description The idea here is to compare the contents each time with the ei (94H)Hand then add i to žhe cousier (CTR) location. Here is the prorAL: Memory: CI60 44 CI6 2F C162 44 CI63 CI64 44 end count.aan SPART EQU $ciso END EQU $Ci65 CTR - EQU $C190 ORG $CO00 C165L12 CI66 44 C167 3B C168 44 CI69 &A CLR CTR LDX #START ¡point to the : AGN LDAA 0,X CHPA #Ş44 ;element fcuna zno, branch ¡yes, incremen BNE SKIP INC ČTR SKIP once INX CPX #END BNE AGN SWI zená of block Fno, try again ;yes, stop

Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach (7th Edition)

7th Edition

ISBN:9780133594140

Author:James Kurose, Keith Ross

Publisher:James Kurose, Keith Ross

Chapter1: Computer Networks And The Internet

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem R1RQ: What is the difference between a host and an end system? List several different types of end...

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Question

**Algorithm Exercise: Memory Comparison and Counter Increment**

This educational exercise involves executing a series of instructions manually, analyzing the final contents of two specific locations: “ACCA, X” and “SC190.”

---

**Algorithm Description:**

The goal is to compare contents sequentially and increment a counter located at the “CTR” position whenever a specific value is encountered. Below is a breakdown of the tasks.

**Memory Configuration:**

- C160: 44
- C161: 2E
- C162: 44
- C163: --
- C164: 44
- C165: 12
- C166: 44
- C167: 3B
- C168: 44
- C169: 8A
- C16A: 44

---

**Program Instructions:**

1. **Initialize Variables:**
- `START` is assigned to location C160.
- `END` is assigned to location C165.
- `CTR` is assigned to location C190.

2. **Program Execution:**

- **CLR CTR:** Clear the counter at the CTR position to begin counting from zero.
- **LDX #START:** Load the starting address into the index register.
- **AGN:**
- **LDAA 0,X:** Load the accumulator with the content of the current memory location.
- **CMPA #44:** Compare the accumulator with the value 44.
- **BNE SKIP:** If not equal, branch to SKIP.
- **INC CTR:** If equal, increment the counter.
- **SKIP:**
- **INX:** Increment the index to point to the next memory location.
- **CPX #END:** Compare the index with the end address.
- **BNE AGN:** If they’re not equal, go back to AGN and repeat.
- **SWI:** Software interrupt to stop execution when the block is scanned.

**Note:** Comments are provided next to instructions indicating their purpose or condition.

This exercise illustrates key concepts in memory manipulation and control flow using basic programming constructs.

**Transcription for Educational Website:**

---

The image contains a section of code and diagrams, useful for understanding memory storage and program logic flow in assembly language.

**Code Segment:**

1. **C164 44**
2. **C190 3F**

**Assembly Instructions:**

- `CPX #END`
- `BNE AGIN`
- `SWI`
- `END`

Comments indicate:
- Check end of program.
- If no, try again.
- If yes, stop.

**Diagrams Explained:**

1. **Memory Boxes:**
- Two rectangular boxes are labeled sequentially.

- **Top Box:**
- Label: **X**
- Split into two equal parts, possibly representing two variables or memory slots.

- **Bottom Box:**
- Label: **A**
- A single, undivided rectangle for one variable or memory slot.

**Notes:**

- A crucial line mentions: "Notice that we had to clear location $C190 (counter) at the beginning," emphasizing an important step in the memory initialization or program execution.

This setup helps students grasp the interaction between memory addresses, conditional branching, and program control signals in assembly language.

---

Such explanations are key for learners to understand how low-level programming manages data and execution flow within a system.

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