EXAMPLE1. Plot the variation of total and effective vertical stresses, and pore water • Examples pressure with depth for the soil profile shown below in Fig. Stress or Pressure (kPa) 0. 50 100 150 200 250 300 GL Total stress Gravely sand Yau 18.5 kN/m': Y = 17.8 kN/m 4 m + Pore water pressure B 4 2 m Effective stress Sand Ysat = 19.5 kN/m 4 m Sandy gravel Ysar = 19.0 kN/m 12 5 m 16 Asst. Prof. Khalid R. Mahmood (PhD.) Depth (m)

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.